【Linux】sed文本处理及软件管理

阅读原文时间：2023年07月14日阅读：4

软件管理

　　安装编译相关工具包

root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]# yum install gcc make autoconf apr-devel apr-util-devel pcredevel -y

　　下载并解压 httpd-2.4.48.tar.gz

[root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]# wget https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/apache//httpd/httpd-2.4.48.tar.gz
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]# tar xvf httpd-2.4.48.tar.gz
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg httpd-2.4.48 httpd-2.4.48.tar.gz ps1.bak setup.sh system_info.sh

　　生成安装配置内容：将安装目录设置在 /data/httpd，配置文件路径 /etc/httpd

[root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]# cd httpd-2.4.48/
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 httpd-2.4.48]# ls
ABOUT_APACHE build CMakeLists.txt httpd.dep InstallBin.dsp Makefile.in README srclib
acinclude.m4 BuildAll.dsp config.layout httpd.dsp LAYOUT Makefile.win README.CHANGES support
Apache-apr2.dsw BuildBin.dsp configure httpd.mak libhttpd.dep modules README.cmake test
Apache.dsw buildconf configure.in httpd.spec libhttpd.dsp NOTICE README.platforms VERSIONING
apache_probes.d CHANGES docs include libhttpd.mak NWGNUmakefile ROADMAP
ap.d changes-entries emacs-style INSTALL LICENSE os server
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 httpd-2.4.48]#./configure --prefix=/data/httpd --sysconfdir=/etc/httpd

　　进行编译,编译过程出错：

　　gcc: error: /usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-hardened-ld: No such file or directory

[root@mirror-centos8-p11 httpd-2.4.48]# make
……
gcc: error: /usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-hardened-ld: No such file or directory
make[4]: *** [/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/aaa/modules.mk:2: mod_authn_file.la] Error 1
make[4]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/aaa'
make[3]: *** [/root/httpd-2.4.48/build/rules.mk:117: shared-build-recursive] Error 1
make[3]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/aaa'
make[2]: *** [/root/httpd-2.4.48/build/rules.mk:117: shared-build-recursive] Error 1
make[2]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules'
make[1]: *** [/root/httpd-2.4.48/build/rules.mk:117: shared-build-recursive] Error 1
make[1]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.48'
make: *** [/root/httpd-2.4.48/build/rules.mk:75: all-recursive] Error 1

查看缺失文件来源
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 httpd-2.4.48]# yum provides /usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-hardened-ld
Last metadata expiration check: 0:35:42 ago on Sun 08 Aug 2021 08:23:31 PM CST.
redhat-rpm-config-125-1.el8.noarch : Red Hat specific rpm configuration files
Repo : AppStream
Matched from:
Filename : /usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-hardened-ld

安装缺失的组件
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 httpd-2.4.48]# yum install redhat-rpm-config-125-1.el8.noarch -y

　　重新进行编译，编译成功未出现报错提示

[root@mirror-centos8-p11 httpd-2.4.48]# make
…….
/usr/lib64/apr-1/build/libtool --silent --mode=compile gcc -pthread -DLINUX -D_REENTRANT -D_GNU_SOURCE -I. -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/os/unix -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/include -I/usr/include/apr-1 -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/aaa -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/cache -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/core -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/database -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/filters -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/ldap -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/loggers -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/lua -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/proxy -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/http2 -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/session -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/ssl -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/test -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/server -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/md -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/arch/unix -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/dav/main -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/generators -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/mappers -prefer-pic -c mod_alias.c && touch mod_alias.slo
/usr/lib64/apr-1/build/libtool --silent --mode=link gcc -pthread -o mod_alias.la -rpath /data/httpd/modules -module -avoid-version mod_alias.lo
/usr/lib64/apr-1/build/libtool --silent --mode=compile gcc -pthread -DLINUX -D_REENTRANT -D_GNU_SOURCE -I. -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/os/unix -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/include -I/usr/include/apr-1 -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/aaa -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/cache -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/core -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/database -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/filters -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/ldap -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/loggers -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/lua -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/proxy -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/http2 -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/session -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/ssl -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/test -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/server -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/md -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/arch/unix -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/dav/main -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/generators -I/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/mappers -prefer-pic -c mod_rewrite.c && touch mod_rewrite.slo
/usr/lib64/apr-1/build/libtool --silent --mode=link gcc -pthread -o mod_rewrite.la -rpath /data/httpd/modules -module -avoid-version mod_rewrite.lo
make[4]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/mappers'
make[3]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/mappers'
make[2]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules'
make[2]: Entering directory '/root/httpd-2.4.48/support'
make[2]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.48/support'

make[1]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.48'

　　进行编译安装

[root@mirror-centos8-p11 httpd-2.4.48]# make install
……
Building shared: mod_vhost_alias.la mod_negotiation.la mod_dir.la mod_actions.la mod_speling.la mod_userdir.la mod_alias.la mod_rewrite.la
make[4]: Entering directory '/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/mappers'
make[4]: Nothing to be done for 'local-shared-build'.
make[4]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/mappers'
make[3]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules/mappers'
make[2]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.48/modules'
make[2]: Entering directory '/root/httpd-2.4.48/support'
make[2]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.48/support'

Installing configuration files
mkdir /etc/httpd
mkdir /etc/httpd/extra
mkdir /etc/httpd/original
mkdir /etc/httpd/original/extra
Installing HTML documents
mkdir /data/httpd/htdocs
Installing error documents
mkdir /data/httpd/error
Installing icons
mkdir /data/httpd/icons
mkdir /data/httpd/logs
Installing CGIs
mkdir /data/httpd/cgi-bin
Installing header files
mkdir /data/httpd/include
Installing build system files
mkdir /data/httpd/build
Installing man pages and online manual
mkdir /data/httpd/man
mkdir /data/httpd/man/man1
mkdir /data/httpd/man/man8
mkdir /data/httpd/manual
make[1]: Leaving directory '/root/httpd-2.4.48'

　　配置环境，将程序运行路径写入环境变量配置，并刷新生效

[root@mirror-centos8-p11 bin]# echo "PATH=//data/httpd/bin:$PATH" > /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 bin]# source /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 bin]#

　　创建用户 apache,设定用户目录为 /data/httpd/www ，指定使用apache 运行 httpd 服务

[root@mirror-centos8-p11 bin]# useradd -r -s /sbin/nologin -d /data/httpd/www -c Apache -u 80 apache

[root@mirror-centos8-p11 httpd]# sed -ri.bak -e "s/daemon$/apache/g" /etc/httpd/httpd.conf
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 httpd]# cat /etc/httpd/httpd.conf | grep "^[(User)|(Group)]"
User apache
Group apache
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 httpd]#

　　启动服务

[root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]# apachectl start
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]#

　　打开浏览器验证服务

基于网络源（Zabbix）

　　配置httpd默认路径 /data/httpd/www

[root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]# cat /etc/httpd/httpd.conf | grep "/data/httpd"
ServerRoot "/data/httpd"
DocumentRoot "/data/httpd/htdocs"

ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ "/data/httpd/cgi-bin/"

"/data/httpd/cgi-bin" should be changed to whatever your ScriptAliased

[root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]# sed -ri "s@/data/httpd/htdocs@/data/httpd/www@g" /etc/httpd/httpd.conf
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]# cat /etc/httpd/httpd.conf | grep "/data/httpd"
ServerRoot "/data/httpd"
DocumentRoot "/data/httpd/www"

ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ "/data/httpd/cgi-bin/"

"/data/httpd/cgi-bin" should be changed to whatever your ScriptAliased

[root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]#

　　在 /data/httpd/www 下创建文件 index.html 用于验证目录切换，重启apache 服务

[root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]# echo "This is `hostname -I`" > /data/httpd/www/index.html
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]# apachectl restart
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]#

　　创建目录 /data/httpd/www/mirror/centos/8/x86_64

oot@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]# mkdir -p /data/httpd/www/mirror/centos/8/x86_64
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]#

　　前期准备。配置zabbix网络源

[root@mirror-centos8-p11 x86_64]# yum repolist
repo id repo name
AppStream AppStream
BaseOS BaseOS
zabbix zabbix
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 x86_64]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/zabbix.repo
[zabbix]
name=zabbix
baseurl=https://repo.zabbix.com/zabbix/4.0/rhel/8/x86_64/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://repo.zabbix.com/zabbix-official-repo.key
enabled=1
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 x86_64]#

　　使用dnf命令将zabbix下的源仓库下载至本地目录 /data/httpd/www/mirror/centos/8/x86_64

[root@mirror-centos8-p11 x86_64]# dnf zabbix zabbix (1/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.11-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (2/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.11-2.el8.x86_64.rpm (3/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.12-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (4/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.14-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (5/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.15-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (6/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.13-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (7/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.17-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (8/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.16-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (9/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.17-2.el8.x86_64.rpm (10/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.19-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (11/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.20-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (12/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.21-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (13/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.18-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (14/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.21-2.el8.x86_64.rpm (15/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.22-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (16/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.24-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (17/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.23-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (18/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.25-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (19/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.28-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (20/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.26-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (21/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.27-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (22/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.29-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (23/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.30-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (24/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.31-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (25/326): zabbix-agent-4.0.32-1.el8.x86_64.rpm (26/326): zabbix-get-4.0.11-1.el8.x86_64.rpm reposync --repoid=zabbix --download-metadata -p /data/httpd/www/mirror/centos/8/x86_64
936 B/s | 2.9 kB 00:03
33 kB/s | 788 kB 00:23
16 kB/s | 422 kB 00:27
15 kB/s | 423 kB 00:27
14 kB/s | 423 kB 00:30
14 kB/s | 425 kB 00:30
14 kB/s | 427 kB 00:31
11 kB/s | 424 kB 00:37
15 kB/s | 429 kB 00:28
12 kB/s | 428 kB 00:36
14 kB/s | 430 kB 00:30
14 kB/s | 434 kB 00:31
13 kB/s | 435 kB 00:33
20 kB/s | 436 kB 00:21
7.0 kB/s | 431 kB 01:01
12 kB/s | 436 kB 00:36
16 kB/s | 436 kB 00:26
13 kB/s | 437 kB 00:33
9.3 kB/s | 436 kB 00:47
17 kB/s | 438 kB 00:26
13 kB/s | 439 kB 00:32
12 kB/s | 438 kB 00:37
9.1 kB/s | 438 kB 00:48
8.0 kB/s | 439 kB 00:54
7.2 kB/s | 440 kB 01:01
7.2 kB/s | 444 kB 01:01
18 kB/s | 444 kB 00:25
14 kB/s | 292 kB 00:21

……

(313/326): zabbix-web-pgsql-4.0.20-1.el8.noarch.rpm 119 kB/s | 14 kB 00:00
(314/326): zabbix-web-pgsql-4.0.21-1.el8.noarch.rpm 123 kB/s | 14 kB 00:00
(315/326): zabbix-web-pgsql-4.0.21-2.el8.noarch.rpm 124 kB/s | 14 kB 00:00
(316/326): zabbix-web-pgsql-4.0.22-1.el8.noarch.rpm 124 kB/s | 14 kB 00:00
(317/326): zabbix-web-pgsql-4.0.23-1.el8.noarch.rpm 113 kB/s | 14 kB 00:00
(318/326): zabbix-web-pgsql-4.0.24-1.el8.noarch.rpm 120 kB/s | 14 kB 00:00
(319/326): zabbix-web-pgsql-4.0.25-1.el8.noarch.rpm 128 kB/s | 15 kB 00:00
(320/326): zabbix-web-pgsql-4.0.26-1.el8.noarch.rpm 127 kB/s | 15 kB 00:00
(321/326): zabbix-web-pgsql-4.0.27-1.el8.noarch.rpm 132 kB/s | 15 kB 00:00
(322/326): zabbix-web-pgsql-4.0.28-1.el8.noarch.rpm 121 kB/s | 15 kB 00:00
(323/326): zabbix-web-pgsql-4.0.29-1.el8.noarch.rpm 122 kB/s | 15 kB 00:00
(324/326): zabbix-web-pgsql-4.0.30-1.el8.noarch.rpm 126 kB/s | 15 kB 00:00
(325/326): zabbix-web-pgsql-4.0.31-1.el8.noarch.rpm 138 kB/s | 15 kB 00:00
(326/326): zabbix-web-pgsql-4.0.32-1.el8.noarch.rpm 71 kB/s | 15 kB 00:00
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 x86_64]#

本地源镜像

　　将本地光盘挂载至 /mnt

[root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt
mount: /mnt: WARNING: device write-protected, mounted read-only.
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]# ls /mnt
AppStream BaseOS EFI images isolinux LICENSE media.repo TRANS.TBL
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]#

　　将 AppStream BaseOS 拷贝至 /data/httpd/www//mirror/centos/8/x86_64

[root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]# cp -r /mnt/AppStream /data/httpd/www/mirror/centos/8/x86_64/
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]# cp -r /mnt/BaseOS /data/httpd/www/mirror/centos/8/x86_64/
[root@mirror-centos8-p11 ~]# ls /data/httpd/www/mirror/centos/8/x86_64/
AppStream BaseOS zabbix

清理原有yum源配置

[root@CentOS8 ~]# mkdir /etc/yum.repos.d/repo.bak
[root@CentOS8 ~]# mv /etc/yum.repos.d/*.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/repo.bak

新建yum配置，将地址指向内网仓库 10.0.0.11

[root@CentOS8 ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/yumlist.repo

[BaseOS]
name=BaseOS
baseurl=http://10.0.0.11/mirror/centos/$releasever/$basearch/BaseOS
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1

[AppStream]
name=AppStream
baseurl=http://10.0.0.11/mirror/centos/$releasever/$basearch/AppStream
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1

[zabbix4.0]
name=Zabbix4.0
baseurl=http://10.0.0.11/mirror/centos/$releasever/$basearch/zabbix
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1

进行验证

[root@CentOS8 ~]# yum makecache
BaseOS 21 MB/s | 2.5 MB 00:00
AppStream 45 MB/s | 7.1 MB 00:00
Zabbix4.0 22 MB/s | 211 kB 00:00
Metadata cache created.

尝试安装zabbix-agent

[root@CentOS8 ~]# yum install zabbix-agent.x86_64 -y
Last metadata expiration check: 0:03:26 ago on Mon 09 Aug 2021 12:18:35 AM CST.

Dependencies resolved.

Package Architecture Version Repository Size

Installing:
zabbix-agent x86_64 4.0.32-1.el8 zabbix4.0 444 k

Transaction Summary

Install 1 Package

Total download size: 444 k
Installed size: 1.9 M
Downloading Packages:

zabbix-agent-4.0.32-1.el8.x86_64.rpm 30 MB/s | 444 kB 00:00

Total 27 MB/s | 444 kB 00:00
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing : 1/1
Running scriptlet: zabbix-agent-4.0.32-1.el8.x86_64 1/1
Installing : zabbix-agent-4.0.32-1.el8.x86_64 1/1
Running scriptlet: zabbix-agent-4.0.32-1.el8.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : zabbix-agent-4.0.32-1.el8.x86_64 1/1

Installed:
zabbix-agent-4.0.32-1.el8.x86_64

Complete!
[root@CentOS8 ~]#

验证完成，自建内网仓库可用

sed文本处理

[root@CentOS8 ~]# ifconfig ens160
ens160: flags=4163 mtu 1500
inet 10.0.0.8 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.0.0.255
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fee1:7a9e prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20
ether 00:0c:29:e1:7a:9e txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 1220 bytes 152403 (148.8 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 979 bytes 105624 (103.1 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0

[root@CentOS8 ~]# ifconfig ens160 | sed -rn "s/.*inet ([0-9].*)\snetmask.*/\1/p"
10.0.0.8
[root@CentOS8 ~]#

[root@CentOS8 ~]# cat /etc/fstab

/etc/fstab

Created by anaconda on Mon Jul 12 15:41:50 2021

Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk/'.

See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info.

After editing this file, run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to update systemd

units generated from this file.

/dev/mapper/cl-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=171bcdb1-4ccb-46fd-85ea-0f028cd5fe36 /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/cl-data /data xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/cl-swap none swap defaults 0 0

[root@CentOS8 ~]# sed -r "s/^#[[:space:]]+(.*)/\1/p" /etc/fstab

/etc/fstab
/etc/fstab
Created by anaconda on Mon Jul 12 15:41:50 2021
Created by anaconda on Mon Jul 12 15:41:50 2021

Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk/'.
Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk/'.
See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info.
See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info.

After editing this file, run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to update systemd
After editing this file, run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to update systemd
units generated from this file.
units generated from this file.

/dev/mapper/cl-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=171bcdb1-4ccb-46fd-85ea-0f028cd5fe36 /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/cl-data /data xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/cl-swap none swap defaults 0 0
[root@CentOS8 ~]#

[root@CentOS8 ~]# cat /etc/fstab

/etc/fstab

Created by anaconda on Mon Jul 12 15:41:50 2021

Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk/'.

See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info.

After editing this file, run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to update systemd

units generated from this file.

/dev/mapper/cl-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=171bcdb1-4ccb-46fd-85ea-0f028cd5fe36 /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/cl-data /data xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/cl-swap none swap defaults 0 0

[root@CentOS8 ~]# sed -rn "/^[^#|$]/s/^(\S+)\s*(\S+).*/\1 \2/p" /etc/fstab
/dev/mapper/cl-root /
UUID=171bcdb1-4ccb-46fd-85ea-0f028cd5fe36 /boot
/dev/mapper/cl-data /data
/dev/mapper/cl-swap none
[root@CentOS8 ~]#

apt 语法

apt [options] [command] [package …]

options：可选，选项包括 -h（帮助），-y（当安装过程提示选择全部为"yes"），-q（不显示安装的过程）等等。
command：要进行的操作。
package：安装的包名。

列出所有可更新的软件清单命令：sudo apt update
升级软件包：sudo apt upgrade

列出可更新的软件包及版本信息：apt list --upgradeable

升级软件包，升级前先删除需要更新软件包：sudo apt full-upgrade
安装指定的软件命令：sudo apt install

安装多个软件包：sudo apt install
更新指定的软件命令：sudo apt update
显示软件包具体信息,例如：版本号，安装大小，依赖关系等等：sudo apt show
删除软件包命令：sudo apt remove
清理不再使用的依赖和库文件: sudo apt autoremove
移除软件包及配置文件: sudo apt purge
查找软件包命令： sudo apt search
列出所有已安装的包：apt list --installed
列出所有已安装的包的版本信息：apt list --all-versions

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