web容器获取SSL指纹实现和ByPass

阅读原文时间：2021年06月06日阅读：2

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前言

前段时间对SSL指纹的获取实现很感兴趣，从表面到深入再到实现让我更加深刻理解SSL设计。本篇介绍：

SSL指纹在web容器(Kestrel)下如何获取，并实现一个Middleware来很方便集成到web工程里面(下文附源码地址)。
解析ClientHello的套路以及如何生成SSL指纹
测试不同的客户端的SSL指纹(java curl Fiddler python csharp chrome edge)

本次对SSL指纹的研究就算是完结篇了，本次系列

先来说说这个SSL指纹用来干嘛

waf里面一般会有用到
说实话在目前的话也只能干干script Boy

举个例子，之前看过说为什么同样的请求地址一样的参数一样的httpHeader,在浏览器访问就正常，用python发送的就会被waf拦截

正常用户访问： [截图出自ParrotSecurity的A佬]

script Boy 用Python 发 Request，直接就被waf拦截了

[截图出自ParrotSecurity的A佬]

类似这样的求问帖有很多

结论就是 python的tls握手有特征，被waf识别到独特的指纹了！

SSL指纹识别原理

巨人的肩膀在这里：https://github.com/salesforce/ja3

就是解析TLS握手客户端发送的ClientHello报文并获取

SSLVersion 版本
Cipher 客户端支持的加密套件
SSLExtention SSL的扩展内容集合
EllipticCurve SSL的扩展内容里面的【supported_groups】(CurveP256,CurveP384,CurveP521,X25519)
EllipticCurvePointFormat SSL的扩展参数里面的【sec_point_formats】(uncompressed,ansiX962_compressed_prime,ansiX962_compressed_char2)

把上面解析出来的版本，加密套件，扩展等内容按顺序排列然后计算hash值，便可得到一个客户端的TLS FingerPrint，waf防护规则其实就是整理提取一些常见的非浏览器客户端requests，curl的指纹然后在客户端发起https请求时进行识别并拦截！

动手实践

本次技术实现基于aspnet5.0，web容器是微软为aspnetcore打造的高性能Kestrel！得益于Kestrel的中间件设计，我们可以很容易的在配置Kestrel的时候指定自己的中间件去拦截ClientHello (感谢微软大神davidfowl的指点)

webBuilder.UseKestrel(options =>
{
   var logger = options.ApplicationServices.GetRequiredService<ILogger<Program>>();

   options.ListenLocalhost(5002, listenOption =>
   {
       var httpsOptions = new HttpsConnectionAdapterOptions();
       //本地测试证书
       var serverCert = new X509Certificate2("server.pfx", "1234");
       httpsOptions.ServerCertificate = serverCert;
       //注册tls拦截中间件
       listenOption.Use(async (connectionContext, next) =>
       {
           await TlsFilterConnectionMiddlewareExtensions
           .ProcessAsync(connectionContext, next, logger);
       });
       listenOption.UseHttps(httpsOptions);
   });
});

接下来就是在我们自定义的中间件做解析

public static async Task ProcessAsync(ConnectionContext connectionContext, Func<Task> next, ILogger<Program> logger)
{
    var input = connectionContext.Transport.Input;
    var minBytesExamined = 0L;
    while (true)
    {
        var result = await input.ReadAsync();
        var buffer = result.Buffer;

        if (result.IsCompleted)
        {
            return;
        }

        if (buffer.Length == 0)
        {
            continue;
        }

        //开启处理ClientHello报文
        if (!TryReadHello(buffer, logger, out var abort))
        {
            minBytesExamined = buffer.Length;
            input.AdvanceTo(buffer.Start, buffer.End);
            continue;
        }

        //上面我们读了流这里要归位
        var examined = buffer.Slice(buffer.Start, minBytesExamined).End;
        input.AdvanceTo(buffer.Start, examined);

        if (abort)
        {
            // Close the connection.
            return;
        }

        break;
    }

    await next();
}

解析ClientHello报文

private static bool TryReadHello(ReadOnlySequence<byte> buffer, ILogger logger, out bool abort)
{
    abort = false;

    if (!buffer.IsSingleSegment)
    {
        throw new NotImplementedException("Multiple buffer segments");
    }
    var data = buffer.First.Span;

    TlsFrameHelper.TlsFrameInfo info = default;
    if (!TlsFrameHelper.TryGetFrameInfo(data, ref info))
    {
        return false;
    }

    //解析的版本
    logger.LogInformation("Protocol versions: {versions}", info.SupportedVersions);

    //解析客户端请求的Host
    //这里有一个小技巧，waf防御的一个简单的ByPass手段就是绕过域名直接访问Ip进行访问，如果服务端在这里增加一个Host白名单，就能防止绕过。
    logger.LogInformation("SNI: {host}", info.TargetName);

    //其他字段省略
    Console.WriteLine("ClientHello=>" + info);
    return true;
}

ClientHello报文解析

解析报文没啥特别的，就是根据RCF文档,：

 public enum ExtensionType : ushort
    {
        server_name = 0,
        max_fragment_length = 1,
        client_certificate_url = 2,
        trusted_ca_keys = 3,
        truncated_hmac = 4,
        status_request = 5,
        user_mapping = 6,
        client_authz = 7,
        server_authz = 8,
        cert_type = 9,
        supported_groups = 10,//  Elliptic curve points
        ec_point_formats = 11, // Elliptic curve point formats
        srp = 12,
        signature_algorithms = 13,
        use_srtp = 14,
        heartbeat = 15,
        application_layer_protocol_negotiation = 16,
        status_request_v2 = 17,
        signed_certificate_timestamp = 18,
        client_certificate_type = 19,
        server_certificate_type = 20,
        padding = 21,
        encrypt_then_mac = 22,
        extended_master_secret = 23,
        token_binding = 24,
        cached_info = 25,
        tls_lts = 26,
        compress_certificate = 27,
        record_size_limit = 28,
        pwd_protect = 29,
        pwd_clear = 30,
        password_salt = 31,
        session_ticket = 35,
        pre_shared_key = 41,
        early_data = 42,
        supported_versions = 43,
        cookie = 44,
        psk_key_exchange_modes = 45,
        certificate_authorities = 47,
        oid_filters = 48,
        post_handshake_auth = 49,
        signature_algorithms_cert = 50,
        key_share = 51,
        renegotiation_info = 65281
    }

tips：解析Extention的套路：

byte数组前2个byte为长度后面的是内容然后根据RFC的struct进行解析

struct枚举我从Go SDK的tls直接复制过来用的

GoSDK里面的注释很详细 RCF的相关也在注释里面，点赞！

这部分代码有点多，我都放在了我的github，想研究的可以点击查看

最后就是按照原理将数据进行拼接在md5生成SSL指纹

public string getSig()
{
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
    //版本
    sb.Append((int)Header.Version);
    sb.Append(",");
    //加密套件
    if (_ciphers != null)
    {
        sb.Append(string.Join("-", _ciphers.Select(r => (int)r)));
    }
    sb.Append(",");
    //SSL扩展字段
    if (_extensions != null)
    {
        sb.Append(string.Join("-", _extensions.Select(r => (int)r)));
    }
    sb.Append(",");
    //Elliptic curve points
    if (_supportedgroups != null)
    {
        sb.Append(string.Join("-", _supportedgroups.Select(r => (int)r)));
    }
    sb.Append(",");
    // Elliptic curve point formats
    if (_ecPointFormats != null)
    {
        sb.Append(string.Join("-", _ecPointFormats.Select(r => (int)r)));
    }
    String str = sb.ToString();
    using var md5 = MD5.Create();
    var result = md5.ComputeHash(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(str));
    var strResult = BitConverter.ToString(result);
    //和其他语言的实现保持一致
    var sig = strResult.Replace("-", "").ToLower();
    return sig;
}

精彩时刻来试试效果

用不同的客户端来测试下看看收集的指纹

1. chrome

指纹:
192,
0-4865-4866-4867-49195-49199-49196-49200-52393-52392-49171-49172-156-157-47-53,
0-23-65281-10-11-35-16-5-13-18-51-45-43-27-21,
29-23-24,
0

2. edge

指纹:
192,
0-4865-4866-4867-49195-49199-49196-49200-52393-52392-49171-49172-156-157-47-53,
0-23-65281-10-11-35-16-5-13-18-51-45-43-27-17513-21,
29-23-24,
0

新版edge也是用的chromium的内核，Extention扩展多了一个17513

3. csharp的HttpClient

指纹:
3072,
49196-49195-49200-49199-159-158-49188-49187-49192-49191-49162-49161-49172-49171-157-156-61-60-53-47-10,
0-10-11-13-35-23-65281,
29-23-24,
0

4. Fiddler

指纹:
3072,
49196-49195-49200-49199-159-158-49188-49187-49192-49191-49162-49161-49172-49171-157-156-61-60-53-47-10,
0-10-11-13-35-23-65281,
29-23-24,
0

因为Fiddler是csharp写的，应该用的都是微软的封装的ssl实现吧。所以和csharp的HttpClient是一样的指纹。

5. java JDK自带的HttpsURLConnection

指纹:
3072,
49187-49191-60-49189-49193-103-64-49161-49171-47-49156-49166-51-50-49195-49199-156-49197-49201-158-162-49160-49170-10-49155-49165-22-19-255,
10-11-13,
23-1-3-19-21-6-7-9-10-24-11-12-25-13-14-15-16-17-2-18-4-5-20-8-22,
0

明显可以看出来 EllipticCurve 多了很多！

6. Apache HttpClient

指纹:
3072,
49188-49192-61-49190-49194-107-106-49162-49172-53-49157-49167-57-56-49187-49191-60-49189-49193-103-64-49161-49171-47-49156-49166-51-50-49196-49195-49200-157-49198-49202-159-163-49199-156-49197-49201-158-162-255,
10-11-13-23,
23-24-25,
0

相比上面几个在 EllipticCurve 上面有明显不一样！

7. curl

指纹:
192,
4866-4867-4865-49196-49200-159-52393-52392-52394-49195-49199-158-49188-49192-107-49187-49191-103-49162-49172-57-49161-49171-51-157-156-61-60-53-47-255,
0-11-10-13172-16-22-23-49-13-43-45-51-21,
29-23-30-25-24,
0-1-2

8. python3的Request

指纹:
192,
4866-4867-4865-49196-49200-49195-49199-52393-52392-163-159-162-158-52394-49327-49325-49188-49192-49162-49172-49315-49311-107-106-57-56-49326-49324-49187-49191-49161-49171-49314-49310-103-64-51-50-157-156-49313-49309-49312-49308-61-60-53-47-255,
0-11-10-35-22-23-13-43-45-51-21,
29-23-30-25-24,
0-1-2

哈哈，实践是检验真理的唯一标准，不难看出来为什么阿里的waf这么容易就能干掉curl 和 python脚本

ByPass 有办法？？当然可以

可以私信交流

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