请点赞关注,你的支持对我意义重大。
Hi,我是小彭。本文已收录到 GitHub · Android-NoteBook 中。这里有 Android 进阶成长知识体系,有志同道合的朋友,关注公众号 [彭旭锐] 带你建立核心竞争力。
大家好,我是小彭。
过去两年,我们在掘金平台上发表过一些文章,小彭也收到了大家的意见和鼓励。最近,我会陆续搬运到公众号上。
ViewBinding 是 Android Gradle Plugin 3.6 中新增的特性,用于更加轻量地实现视图绑定(即视图与变量的绑定),可以理解为轻量版本的 DataBinding。 在这篇文章里,我将总结 ViewBinding 使用方法 & 原理,示例程序 AndroidFamilyDemo · KotlinDelegate 有用请记得给 Star ,给小彭一点创作的动力。
前置知识:
学习路线图
ViewBinding 是 Android Gradle Plugin 3.6 中新增的特性,用于更加轻量地实现视图绑定(即视图与变量的绑定),可以理解为轻量版本的 DataBinding。
在 ViewBinding 之前,业界已经有过几种视图绑定方案了,想必你也用过。那么,ViewBinding 作为后起之秀就一定比前者香吗?我从多个维度对比它们的区别:
角度
findViewById
ButterKnife
Kotlin Synthetics
DataBinding
ViewBinding
简洁性
编译期检查
编译速度
支持 Kotlin & Java
收敛模板代码
可以看到,并没有一种绝对优势的方法,但越往后整体的效果是有提升的。另外,是什么呢?
AGP 插件会为每个 XML 布局文件创建一个绑定类文件 xxxBinding
,绑定类中会持有布局文件中所有带 android:id
属性的 View 引用。例如,有布局文件为 fragment_test.xml
,则插件会生成绑定类 FragmentTestBinding.java
。
那么,所有 XML 布局文件都生成 Java 类,会不会导致包体积瞬间增大?不会的, 未使用的类会在混淆时被压缩。
这一节我们来介绍 ViewBinding 的使用方法,内容不多。
提示: ViewBinding 要求在 Android Gradle Plugin 版本在至少在 3.6 以上。
视图绑定功能按模块级别启用,启用的模块需要在模块级 build.gralde 中添加配置。例如:
build.gradle
android {
...
viewBinding {
enabled = true
}
}
对于不需要生成绑定类的布局文件,可以在根节点声明 tools:viewBindingIgnore="true"
。例如:
<LinearLayout
...
tools:viewBindingIgnore="true" >
...
</LinearLayout>
绑定类中提供了 3 个视图绑定 API:
// 绑定到视图 view 上
fun <T> bind(view : View) : T
// 使用 inflater 解析布局,再绑定到 View 上
fun <T> inflate(inflater : LayoutInflater) : T
// 使用 inflater 解析布局,再绑定到 View 上
fun <T> inflate(inflater : LayoutInflater, parent : ViewGroup?, attachToParent : Boolean) : T
MainActivity.kt
class TestActivity: AppCompatActivity(R.layout.activity_test) {
private lateinit var binding: ActivityTestBinding
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
binding = ActivityTestBinding.inflate(layoutInflater)
setContentView(binding.root)
binding.tvDisplay.text = "Hello World."
}
}
TestFragment.kt
class TestFragment : Fragment(R.layout.fragment_test) {
private var _binding: FragmentTestBinding? = null
private val binding get() = _binding!!
override fun onViewCreated(root: View, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
_binding = FragmentTestBinding.bind(root)
binding.tvDisplay.text = "Hello World."
}
override fun onDestroyView() {
super.onDestroyView()
// 置空
_binding = null
}
}
这里有一个隐藏的内存泄露问题,你需要理解清楚(严格来说这并不是 ViewBinding 的问题,即使你采用其它视图绑定方案也要考虑这个问题)。
问题:为什么 Fragment#onDestroyView() 里需要置空绑定类对象,而 Activity 里不需要?
答:Activity 实例和 Activity 视图的生命周期是同步的,而 Fragment 实例和 Fragment 视图的生命周期并不是完全同步的,因此需要在 Fragment 视图销毁时,手动回收绑定类对象,否则造成内存泄露。例如:detach Fragment,或者 remove Fragment 并且事务进入返回栈,此时 Fragment 视图销毁但 Fragment 实例存在。关于 Fragment 生命周期和事务在我之前的一篇文章里讨论过:Android | Fragment 核心原理 & 面试题 (AndroidX 版本)
总之,在视图销毁但是控制类对象实例还存活的时机,你就需要手动回收绑定类对象,否则造成内存泄露。
反编译如下:
ActivityTestBinding.java
public final class ActivityTestBinding implements ViewBinding {
private final ConstraintLayout rootView;
public final TextView tvDisplay;
private ActivityTestBinding (ConstraintLayout paramConstraintLayout1, TextView paramTextView)
this.rootView = paramConstraintLayout1;
this.tvDisplay = paramTextView;
}
public static ActivityTestBinding bind(View paramView) {
TextView localTextView = (TextView)paramView.findViewById(2131165363);
if (localTextView != null) {
return new ActivityMainBinding((ConstraintLayout)paramView, localTextView);
}else {
paramView = "tvDisplay";
}
throw new NullPointerException("Missing required view with ID: ".concat(paramView));
}
public static ActivityMainBinding inflate(LayoutInflater paramLayoutInflater) {
return inflate(paramLayoutInflater, null, false);
}
public static ActivityMainBinding inflate(LayoutInflater paramLayoutInflater, ViewGroup paramViewGroup, boolean paramBoolean) {
paramLayoutInflater = paramLayoutInflater.inflate(2131361821, paramViewGroup, false);
if (paramBoolean) {
paramViewGroup.addView(paramLayoutInflater);
}
return bind(paramLayoutInflater);
}
public ConstraintLayout getRoot() {
return this.rootView;
}
}
到这里,ViewBinding 的使用教程已经说完了。但是回过头看,有没有发现一些局限性呢?
那么,有没有可优化的方案呢?我们想起了 Kotlin 属性委托,关于 Kotlin 委托机制在我之前的一篇文章里讨论过:Kotlin | 委托机制 & 原理。如果你还不太了解 Kotlin 委托,下面的内容对你会有些难度。下面,我将带你一步步封装 ViewBinding 属性委托工具。首先,我们梳理一下我们要委托的内容与需求,以及相应的解决办法:
需求
解决办法
需要委托 ViewBinding#bind() 的调用
反射
需要委托 binding = null 的调用
监听 Fragment 视图生命周期
期望 binding 属性声明为非空不可变变量
ReadOnlyProperty
我们现在较复杂的 Fragment 中尝试使用 Kotlin 委托优化:
FragmentViewBindingPropertyV1.kt
private const val TAG = "ViewBindingProperty"
public inline fun <reified V : ViewBinding> viewBindingV1() = viewBindingV1(V::class.java)
public inline fun <reified T : ViewBinding> viewBindingV1(clazz: Class<T>): FragmentViewBindingPropertyV1<Fragment, T> {
val bindMethod = clazz.getMethod("bind", View::class.java)
return FragmentViewBindingPropertyV1 {
bindMethod(null, it.requireView()) as T
}
}
/**
* @param viewBinder 创建绑定类对象
*/
class FragmentViewBindingPropertyV1<in F : Fragment, out V : ViewBinding>(
private val viewBinder: (F) -> V
) : ReadOnlyProperty<F, V> {
private var viewBinding: V? = null
@MainThread
override fun getValue(thisRef: F, property: KProperty<*>): V {
// 已经绑定,直接返回
viewBinding?.let { return it }
// Use viewLifecycleOwner.lifecycle other than lifecycle
val lifecycle = thisRef.viewLifecycleOwner.lifecycle
val viewBinding = viewBinder(thisRef)
if (lifecycle.currentState == Lifecycle.State.DESTROYED) {
Log.w(
TAG, "Access to viewBinding after Lifecycle is destroyed or hasn't created yet. " +
"The instance of viewBinding will be not cached."
)
// We can access to ViewBinding after Fragment.onDestroyView(), but don't save it to prevent memory leak
} else {
lifecycle.addObserver(ClearOnDestroyLifecycleObserver())
this.viewBinding = viewBinding
}
return viewBinding
}
@MainThread
fun clear() {
viewBinding = null
}
private inner class ClearOnDestroyLifecycleObserver : LifecycleObserver {
private val mainHandler = Handler(Looper.getMainLooper())
@MainThread
@OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_DESTROY)
fun onDestroy(owner: LifecycleOwner) {
owner.lifecycle.removeObserver(this)
mainHandler.post { clear() }
}
}
}
使用示例:
class TestFragment : Fragment(R.layout.fragment_test) {
private val binding : FragmentTestBinding by viewBindingV1()
override fun onViewCreated(root: View, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
binding.tvDisplay.text = "Hello World."
}
}
干净清爽!前面提出的三个需求也都实现了,现在我为你解答细节:
FragmentViewBindingPropertyV1.kt
@MainThread
override fun getValue(thisRef: F, property: KProperty<*>): V {
// 1、viewBinding 不为空说明已经绑定,直接返回
viewBinding?.let { return it }
// 2、Fragment 视图的生命周期
val lifecycle = thisRef.viewLifecycleOwner.lifecycle
// 3、实例化绑定类对象
val viewBinding = viewBinder(thisRef)
if (lifecycle.currentState == Lifecycle.State.DESTROYED) {
// 4.1 如果视图生命周期为 DESTROYED,说明视图被销毁,此时不缓存绑定类对象(避免内存泄漏)
} else {
// 4.2 定义视图生命周期监听者
lifecycle.addObserver(ClearOnDestroyLifecycleObserver())
// 4.3 缓存绑定类对象
this.viewBinding = viewBinding
}
return viewBinding
}
V1.0 版本使用了反射,真的一定要反射吗?反射调用 bind 函数的目的就是获得一个 ViewBinding 绑定类对象,或许我们可以试试把创建对象的行为交给外部去定义,类似这样用一个 lambda 表达式实现工厂函数:
FragmentViewBindingPropertyV2.kt
inline fun <F : Fragment, V : ViewBinding> viewBindingV2(
crossinline viewBinder: (View) -> V,
// 类似于创建工厂
crossinline viewProvider: (F) -> View = Fragment::requireView
) = FragmentViewBindingPropertyV2 { fragment: F ->
viewBinder(viewProvider(fragment))
}
class FragmentViewBindingPropertyV2<in F : Fragment, out V : ViewBinding>(
private val viewBinder: (F) -> V
) : ReadOnlyProperty<F, V> {
// 以下源码相同 ...
}
使用示例:
class TestFragment : Fragment(R.layout.fragment_test) {
private val binding by viewBindingV2(FragmentTestBinding::bind)
override fun onViewCreated(root: View, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
binding.tvDisplay.text = "Hello World."
}
}
干净清爽!不使用反射也可以实现,现在我为你解答细节:
V2.0 版本已经完成了针对 Fragment 的属性代理,但是实际场景中只会在 Fragment 中使用 ViewBinding 吗?显然并不是,我们还有其他一些场景:
所以,我们有必要将委托工具适当封装得更通用些,完整代码和演示工程你可以直接下载查看: AndroidFamilyDemo · KotlinDelegate
ViewBindingProperty.kt
// -------------------------------------------------------
// ViewBindingProperty for Activity
// -------------------------------------------------------
@JvmName("viewBindingActivity")
inline fun <V : ViewBinding> ComponentActivity.viewBinding(
crossinline viewBinder: (View) -> V,
crossinline viewProvider: (ComponentActivity) -> View = ::findRootView
): ViewBindingProperty<ComponentActivity, V> = ActivityViewBindingProperty { activity: ComponentActivity ->
viewBinder(viewProvider(activity))
}
@JvmName("viewBindingActivity")
inline fun <V : ViewBinding> ComponentActivity.viewBinding(
crossinline viewBinder: (View) -> V,
@IdRes viewBindingRootId: Int
): ViewBindingProperty<ComponentActivity, V> = ActivityViewBindingProperty { activity: ComponentActivity ->
viewBinder(activity.requireViewByIdCompat(viewBindingRootId))
}
// -------------------------------------------------------
// ViewBindingProperty for Fragment / DialogFragment
// -------------------------------------------------------
@Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
@JvmName("viewBindingFragment")
inline fun <F : Fragment, V : ViewBinding> Fragment.viewBinding(
crossinline viewBinder: (View) -> V,
crossinline viewProvider: (F) -> View = Fragment::requireView
): ViewBindingProperty<F, V> = when (this) {
is DialogFragment -> DialogFragmentViewBindingProperty { fragment: F ->
viewBinder(viewProvider(fragment))
} as ViewBindingProperty<F, V>
else -> FragmentViewBindingProperty { fragment: F ->
viewBinder(viewProvider(fragment))
}
}
@Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
@JvmName("viewBindingFragment")
inline fun <F : Fragment, V : ViewBinding> Fragment.viewBinding(
crossinline viewBinder: (View) -> V,
@IdRes viewBindingRootId: Int
): ViewBindingProperty<F, V> = when (this) {
is DialogFragment -> viewBinding(viewBinder) { fragment: DialogFragment ->
fragment.getRootView(viewBindingRootId)
} as ViewBindingProperty<F, V>
else -> viewBinding(viewBinder) { fragment: F ->
fragment.requireView().requireViewByIdCompat(viewBindingRootId)
}
}
// -------------------------------------------------------
// ViewBindingProperty for ViewGroup
// -------------------------------------------------------
@JvmName("viewBindingViewGroup")
inline fun <V : ViewBinding> ViewGroup.viewBinding(
crossinline viewBinder: (View) -> V,
crossinline viewProvider: (ViewGroup) -> View = { this }
): ViewBindingProperty<ViewGroup, V> = LazyViewBindingProperty { viewGroup: ViewGroup ->
viewBinder(viewProvider(viewGroup))
}
@JvmName("viewBindingViewGroup")
inline fun <V : ViewBinding> ViewGroup.viewBinding(
crossinline viewBinder: (View) -> V,
@IdRes viewBindingRootId: Int
): ViewBindingProperty<ViewGroup, V> = LazyViewBindingProperty { viewGroup: ViewGroup ->
viewBinder(viewGroup.requireViewByIdCompat(viewBindingRootId))
}
// -------------------------------------------------------
// ViewBindingProperty for RecyclerView#ViewHolder
// -------------------------------------------------------
@JvmName("viewBindingViewHolder")
inline fun <V : ViewBinding> RecyclerView.ViewHolder.viewBinding(
crossinline viewBinder: (View) -> V,
crossinline viewProvider: (RecyclerView.ViewHolder) -> View = RecyclerView.ViewHolder::itemView
): ViewBindingProperty<RecyclerView.ViewHolder, V> = LazyViewBindingProperty { holder: RecyclerView.ViewHolder ->
viewBinder(viewProvider(holder))
}
@JvmName("viewBindingViewHolder")
inline fun <V : ViewBinding> RecyclerView.ViewHolder.viewBinding(
crossinline viewBinder: (View) -> V,
@IdRes viewBindingRootId: Int
): ViewBindingProperty<RecyclerView.ViewHolder, V> = LazyViewBindingProperty { holder: RecyclerView.ViewHolder ->
viewBinder(holder.itemView.requireViewByIdCompat(viewBindingRootId))
}
// -------------------------------------------------------
// ViewBindingProperty
// -------------------------------------------------------
private const val TAG = "ViewBindingProperty"
interface ViewBindingProperty<in R : Any, out V : ViewBinding> : ReadOnlyProperty<R, V> {
@MainThread
fun clear()
}
class LazyViewBindingProperty<in R : Any, out V : ViewBinding>(
private val viewBinder: (R) -> V
) : ViewBindingProperty<R, V> {
private var viewBinding: V? = null
@Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
@MainThread
override fun getValue(thisRef: R, property: KProperty<*>): V {
// Already bound
viewBinding?.let { return it }
return viewBinder(thisRef).also {
this.viewBinding = it
}
}
@MainThread
override fun clear() {
viewBinding = null
}
}
abstract class LifecycleViewBindingProperty<in R : Any, out V : ViewBinding>(
private val viewBinder: (R) -> V
) : ViewBindingProperty<R, V> {
private var viewBinding: V? = null
protected abstract fun getLifecycleOwner(thisRef: R): LifecycleOwner
@MainThread
override fun getValue(thisRef: R, property: KProperty<*>): V {
// Already bound
viewBinding?.let { return it }
val lifecycle = getLifecycleOwner(thisRef).lifecycle
val viewBinding = viewBinder(thisRef)
if (lifecycle.currentState == Lifecycle.State.DESTROYED) {
Log.w(
TAG, "Access to viewBinding after Lifecycle is destroyed or hasn't created yet. " +
"The instance of viewBinding will be not cached."
)
// We can access to ViewBinding after Fragment.onDestroyView(), but don't save it to prevent memory leak
} else {
lifecycle.addObserver(ClearOnDestroyLifecycleObserver(this))
this.viewBinding = viewBinding
}
return viewBinding
}
@MainThread
override fun clear() {
viewBinding = null
}
private class ClearOnDestroyLifecycleObserver(
private val property: LifecycleViewBindingProperty<*, *>
) : LifecycleObserver {
private companion object {
private val mainHandler = Handler(Looper.getMainLooper())
}
@MainThread
@OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_DESTROY)
fun onDestroy(owner: LifecycleOwner) {
mainHandler.post { property.clear() }
}
}
}
class FragmentViewBindingProperty<in F : Fragment, out V : ViewBinding>(
viewBinder: (F) -> V
) : LifecycleViewBindingProperty<F, V>(viewBinder) {
override fun getLifecycleOwner(thisRef: F): LifecycleOwner {
try {
return thisRef.viewLifecycleOwner
} catch (ignored: IllegalStateException) {
error("Fragment doesn't have view associated with it or the view has been destroyed")
}
}
}
class DialogFragmentViewBindingProperty<in F : DialogFragment, out V : ViewBinding>(
viewBinder: (F) -> V
) : LifecycleViewBindingProperty<F, V>(viewBinder) {
override fun getLifecycleOwner(thisRef: F): LifecycleOwner {
return if (thisRef.showsDialog) {
thisRef
} else {
try {
thisRef.viewLifecycleOwner
} catch (ignored: IllegalStateException) {
error("Fragment doesn't have view associated with it or the view has been destroyed")
}
}
}
}
// -------------------------------------------------------
// Utils
// -------------------------------------------------------
@RestrictTo(RestrictTo.Scope.LIBRARY)
class ActivityViewBindingProperty<in A : ComponentActivity, out V : ViewBinding>(
viewBinder: (A) -> V
) : LifecycleViewBindingProperty<A, V>(viewBinder) {
override fun getLifecycleOwner(thisRef: A): LifecycleOwner {
return thisRef
}
}
fun <V : View> View.requireViewByIdCompat(@IdRes id: Int): V {
return ViewCompat.requireViewById(this, id)
}
fun <V : View> Activity.requireViewByIdCompat(@IdRes id: Int): V {
return ActivityCompat.requireViewById(this, id)
}
/**
* Utility to find root view for ViewBinding in Activity
*/
fun findRootView(activity: Activity): View {
val contentView = activity.findViewById<ViewGroup>(android.R.id.content)
checkNotNull(contentView) { "Activity has no content view" }
return when (contentView.childCount) {
1 -> contentView.getChildAt(0)
0 -> error("Content view has no children. Provide root view explicitly")
else -> error("More than one child view found in Activity content view")
}
}
fun DialogFragment.getRootView(viewBindingRootId: Int): View {
val dialog = checkNotNull(dialog) {
"DialogFragment doesn't have dialog. Use viewBinding delegate after onCreateDialog"
}
val window = checkNotNull(dialog.window) { "Fragment's Dialog has no window" }
return with(window.decorView) {
if (viewBindingRootId != 0) requireViewByIdCompat(
viewBindingRootId
) else this
}
}
ViewBinding 是一个轻量级的视图绑定方案,Android Gradle 插件会为每个 XML 布局文件创建一个绑定类。在 Fragment 中使用 ViewBinding 需要注意在 Fragment#onDestroyView() 里置空绑定类对象避免内存泄漏。但这会带来很多重复编写样板代码,使用属性委托可以收敛模板代码,保证调用方代码干净清爽。
角度
findViewById
ButterKnife
Kotlin Synthetics
DataBinding
ViewBinding
ViewBindingProperty
简洁性
编译期检查
编译速度
支持 Kotlin & Java
收敛模板代码
手机扫一扫
移动阅读更方便
你可能感兴趣的文章