1 简介

我们在编写playbook的时候，不可避免的要执行一些重复性操作，比如指安装软件包，批量创建用户，操作某个目录下的所有文件等。正如我们所说，ansible一门简单的自动化语言，所以流程控制、循环语句这些编程语言的基本元素它同样都具备。

在Ansible 2.5以前，playbook通过不同的循环语句以实现不同的循环，这些语句使用with_作为前缀。这些语法目前仍然兼容，但在未来的某个时间点，会逐步废弃。

2 with_items

[root@node1 ansible]# vim with_items.yml

- hosts: demo2.example.com
gather_facts: no
tasks:
- debug:
msg: "{{ item }}"
with_items: "{{ groups.webserver }}"

相当于

- hosts: demo2.example.com
gather_facts: no
tasks:
- debug:
msg: "{{ item }}"
with_items:
- demo1.example.com
- demo2.example.com
- demo3.example.com

[root@node1 ansible]# ansible-playbook with_items.yml

ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=demo1.example.com) => {
"msg": "demo1.example.com"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=demo2.example.com) => {
"msg": "demo2.example.com"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=demo3.example.com) => {
"msg": "demo3.example.com"
}

[root@node1 ansible]# vim with_items.yml

- hosts: demo2.example.com
gather_facts: no
tasks:
- name: "create directory"
file:
path: "/tmp/{{ item.path1 }}/{{ item.path2 }}"
state: directory
with_items:
- {path1: a, path2: b}
- {path1: c, path2: d}

执行

[root@node1 ansible]# ansible demo2.example.com  -m shell -a "ls -l /tmp/{a,c}"

/tmp/a:
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 May 2 01:01 b

/tmp/c:
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 May 2 01:01 d

with_list与 with_items一样，也是用于循环列表。区别是，如果列表的值也是列表，with_iems会将第一层嵌套的列表拉平，而with_list会将值作为一个整体返回。with_flatten会将所有列表全部拉平

[[1,2,[3,4]],[5,6],7,8]

with_item------->[1,2,[3,4],5,6,7,8]    拉平第一层

with_list--------->[[1,2,[3,4]],[5,6],7,8]   整体返回

with_flatten----->[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]     全部拉平

3 with_togther

将两个列表对齐合并

[root@node1 ansible]# vim with_items.yml

- hosts: demo2.example.com
gather_facts: no
vars:
alpha: [ 'a','b','c','d']
numbers: [ 1,2,3,4 ]
tasks:
- debug: msg="{{ item.0 }} and {{ item.1 }}"
with_together:
- "{{ alpha }}"
- "{{ numbers }}"

[root@node1 ansible]# ansible-playbook with_items.yml

ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'a', 1]) => {
"msg": "a and 1"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'b', 2]) => {
"msg": "b and 2"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'c', 3]) => {
"msg": "c and 3"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'd', 4]) => {
"msg": "d and 4"
}

4 with_nested

嵌套循环，相当于像个for

[root@node1 ansible]# vim with_items.yml

- hosts: demo2.example.com
gather_facts: no
tasks:
- debug: msg="name is {{ item[0] }} vaule is {{ item[1] }} num is {{ item[2] }}"
with_nested:
- ['alice','bob']
- ['a','b','c']
- ['1','2','3']

item[0]是循环的第一个列表的值["alice","bob"] item[1]是第二个列表的值;以上的执行输出如下:

[root@node1 ansible]# ansible-playbook with_items.yml

ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'alice', u'a', u'1']) => {
"msg": "name is alice vaule is a num is 1"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'alice', u'a', u'2']) => {
"msg": "name is alice vaule is a num is 2"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'alice', u'a', u'3']) => {
"msg": "name is alice vaule is a num is 3"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'alice', u'b', u'1']) => {
"msg": "name is alice vaule is b num is 1"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'alice', u'b', u'2']) => {
"msg": "name is alice vaule is b num is 2"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'alice', u'b', u'3']) => {
"msg": "name is alice vaule is b num is 3"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'alice', u'c', u'1']) => {
"msg": "name is alice vaule is c num is 1"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'alice', u'c', u'2']) => {
"msg": "name is alice vaule is c num is 2"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'alice', u'c', u'3']) => {
"msg": "name is alice vaule is c num is 3"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'bob', u'a', u'1']) => {
"msg": "name is bob vaule is a num is 1"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'bob', u'a', u'2']) => {
"msg": "name is bob vaule is a num is 2"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'bob', u'a', u'3']) => {
"msg": "name is bob vaule is a num is 3"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'bob', u'b', u'1']) => {
"msg": "name is bob vaule is b num is 1"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'bob', u'b', u'2']) => {
"msg": "name is bob vaule is b num is 2"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'bob', u'b', u'3']) => {
"msg": "name is bob vaule is b num is 3"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'bob', u'c', u'1']) => {
"msg": "name is bob vaule is c num is 1"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'bob', u'c', u'2']) => {
"msg": "name is bob vaule is c num is 2"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[u'bob', u'c', u'3']) => {
"msg": "name is bob vaule is c num is 3"
}

with_cartesian功能完全一样

5 with_index_items

在循环处理列表时，为列表的每一项添加索引

[root@node1 ansible]# vim with_items.yml

- hosts: demo2.example.com
gather_facts: no
tasks:
- debug:
msg: "{{ item }}"
with_indexed_items:
- test1
- test2
- test3

[root@node1 ansible]# ansible-playbook with_items.yml

ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[0, u'test1']) => {
"msg": [
0,
"test1"
]
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[1, u'test2']) => {
"msg": [
1,
"test2"
]
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item=[2, u'test3']) => {
"msg": [
2,
"test3"
]
}

6 with_sequence

用于返回一个数字序列

参数说明

start:指走起始值

end:指定结束值

stride:指定步长，即从 start至end，每次增加的值

count:生成连续的数字序列，从1开始，到 count的值结束

format:格式化输出类似于lnuX命令行中的 printi格式化输出

- hosts: all
tasks:
# create groups
- group: name=evens state=present
- group: name=odds state=present
# create some test users
- user: name={{ item }} state=present groups=evens
with_sequence: start=0 end=32 format=testuser%02d
# create a series of directories with even numbers for some reason
- file: dest=/var/stuff/{{ item }} state=directory
with_sequence: start=4 end=16 stride=2 # stride用于指定步长
# a simpler way to use the sequence plugin
# create 4 groups
- group: name=group{{ item }} state=present
with_sequence: count=4

7 with_random_choice

- debug: msg={{ item }}
with_random_choice:
- "go through the door"
- "drink from the goblet"
- "press the red button"
- "do nothing"

8 with_dict

[root@node1 ansible]# vi with_items.yml

- hosts: demo2.example.com
gather_facts: no
vars:
users:
alice:
name: Alice Appleworth
telephone: 123-456-7890
bob:
name: Bob Bananarama
telephone: 987-654-3210

现在需要输出每个用户的用户名和手机号：

tasks:
- name: Print phone records
debug:
msg: "User {{ item.key }} is {{ item.value.name }} ({{ item.value.telephone }})"
with_dict: "{{ users }}"

[root@node1 ansible]# ansible-playbook with_items.yml

ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item={'value': {u'name': u'Bob Bananarama', u'telephone': u'987-654-3210'}, 'key': u'bob'}) => {
"msg": "User bob is Bob Bananarama (987-654-3210)"
}
ok: [demo2.example.com] => (item={'value': {u'name': u'Alice Appleworth', u'telephone': u'123-456-7890'}, 'key': u'alice'}) => {
"msg": "User alice is Alice Appleworth (123-456-7890)"
}

9 with_subelement

假如现在需要遍历一个用户列表，并创建每个用户，而且还需要为每个用户配置以特定的SSH key登录。变量文件内容如下：

with_file,是在主控端完成

上面with_file用于获取文的内容，而 with_fileglob则用于匹配文件名称。可以通过该关键字，在指定的目录中匹配符合模式的文件名。与 with_file相同的是，with_ fileglob操作的文件也是主控端的文件而非被控端的文件

10 loop关键字说明

在playbook中使用循环，直接使用loop关键字即可。

with_list,with_item可以直接试用loop代替

with_flatten,loop:"{{  testlist| flatten}}"

启动httpd和postfilx服务：

tasks:

• name: postfix and httpd are running service: name: "{{ item }}" state: started loop:
  • postfix
  • httpd

也可以将loop循环的列表提前赋值给一个变量，然后在循环语句中调用：

#cat test_services.yml
test_services:

• postfix
• httpd

cat install_pkgs.yml

• name: start services hosts: test vars_files:
  • test_services.yml
    tasks:
  • name: postfix and httpd are running
    service:
    name: "{{ item }}"
    state: started
    loop: "{{ test_services }}"

下面是一个循环更复杂类型数据的示例：

# cat test_loop.yml

• name: test loop hosts: test tasks:
  • name: add www group
    group:
    name: www
  • name: add several users user: name: "{{ item.name }}" state: present groups: "{{ item.groups }}" loop:
    • { name: 'testuser1', groups: 'wheel' }
    • { name: 'testuser2', groups: 'www' }

11 在循环语句中注册变量

下面是一个register的变量在循环中使用的例子：

# cat register_loop.yml

• name: registered variable usage as a loop list hosts: test tasks:
  • name: ensure /mnt/bkspool exists
    file:
    path: /mnt/bkspool
    state: directory
  • name: retrieve the list of home directories
    command: ls /home
    register: home_dirs
  • name: Show home_dirs results
    debug:
    var: home_dirs.stdout_lines
  • name: add home dirs to the backup spooler
    file:
    path: /mnt/bkspool/{{ item }}
    src: /home/{{ item }}
    state: link
    force: yes
    loop: "{{ home_dirs.stdout_lines }}"

在循环语句中注册变量：

- name: Loop Register test
gather_facts: no
hosts: webserver
tasks:
- name: Looping Echo Task
shell: "echo this is my item: {{ item }}"
loop:
- one
- two
register: echo_results
- name: Show echo_results variable
debug:
var: echo_results

执行语句，可以看到变量的

"echo_results": {
"changed": true,
"msg": "All items completed",
"results": [
{
"ansible_loop_var": "item",
"changed": true,
"cmd": "echo this is my item: one",
"delta": "0:00:00.004610",
"end": "2020-05-02 02:16:40.824482",
"failed": false,
"invocation": {
"module_args": {
"_raw_params": "echo this is my item: one",
"_uses_shell": true,
"argv": null,
"chdir": null,
"creates": null,
"executable": null,
"removes": null,
"stdin": null,
"stdin_add_newline": true,
"strip_empty_ends": true,
"warn": true
}
},
"item": "one",
"rc": 0,
"start": "2020-05-02 02:16:40.819872",
"stderr": "",
"stderr_lines": [],
"stdout": "this is my item: one",
"stdout_lines": [
"this is my item: one"
]
},
{
"ansible_loop_var": "item",
"changed": true,
"cmd": "echo this is my item: two",
"delta": "0:00:00.006417",
"end": "2020-05-02 02:16:41.372681",
"failed": false,
"invocation": {
"module_args": {
"_raw_params": "echo this is my item: two",
"_uses_shell": true,
"argv": null,
"chdir": null,
"creates": null,
"executable": null,
"removes": null,
"stdin": null,
"stdin_add_newline": true,
"strip_empty_ends": true,
"warn": true
}
},
"item": "two",
"rc": 0,
"start": "2020-05-02 02:16:41.366264",
"stderr": "",
"stderr_lines": [],
"stdout": "this is my item: two",
"stdout_lines": [
"this is my item: two"
]
}
]
}
}

返回结果为一个字典列表

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博主声明：本文的内容来源主要来自誉天教育晏威老师，由本人实验完成操作验证，需要的博友请联系誉天教育（http://www.yutianedu.com/），获得官方同意或者晏老师（ href="https://www.cnblogs.com/breezey/">https://www.cnblogs.com/breezey/）本人同意即可转载，谢谢！