see how any formula was written in any question or answer, including this one, right-click on the expression it and choose "Show Math As > TeX Commands". (When you do this, the '$' will not display. Make sure you add these. See the next point.)
For inline formulas, enclose the formula in $...$
. For displayed formulas, use $$...$$
.
These render differently. For example, type
$\sum_{i=0}^n i^2 = \frac{(n^2+n)(2n+1)}{6}$
to show ∑ n i=0 i 2 =(n 2 +n)(2n+1)6 ∑i=0ni2=(n2+n)(2n+1)6 (which
is inline mode) or type
$$\sum_{i=0}^n i^2 = \frac{(n^2+n)(2n+1)}{6}$$
to show
∑ i=0 n i 2 =(n 2 +n)(2n+1)6 ∑i=0ni2=(n2+n)(2n+1)6
(which is display mode).
For Greek letters, use \alpha
, \beta
, …, \omega
: α,β,…ω α,β,…ω.
For uppercase, use \Gamma
, \Delta
, …, \Omega
: Γ,Δ,…,Ω Γ,Δ,…,Ω.
For superscripts and subscripts, use ^
and _
. For example, x_i^2
: x 2 i xi2, \log_2
x
: log 2 x log2x.
Groups. Superscripts, subscripts, and other operations apply only to the next “group”. A “group” is either a single symbol, or any formula surrounded by curly braces{
…}
. If you do 10^10
, you will get
a surprise: 10 1 0 1010.
But 10^{10}
gives what you probably wanted: 10 10 1010.
Use curly braces to delimit a formula to which a superscript or subscript applies: x^5^6
is an error; {x^y}^z
is x y z xyz,
and x^{y^z}
is x y z xyz.
Observe the difference between x_i^2
x 2 i xi2 and x_{i^2}
x i 2 xi2.
Parentheses Ordinary symbols ()[]
make parentheses and brackets (2+3)[4+4] (2+3)[4+4].
Use \{
and \}
for curly braces {} {}.
These do not scale with the formula in between, so if you write (\frac{\sqrt x}{y^3})
the parentheses will be too small: (x √ y 3 ) (xy3).
Using \left(
…\right)
will make the sizes adjust automatically to the formula they enclose: \left(\frac{\sqrt x}{y^3}\right)
is (x √ y 3 ) (xy3).
\left
and\right
apply to all the following sorts of parentheses: (
and )
(x) (x), [
and ]
[x] [x], \{
and \}
{x} {x}, |
|x| |x|, \langle
and \rangle
⟨x⟩ ⟨x⟩, \lceil
and\rceil
⌈x⌉ ⌈x⌉,
and \lfloor
and \rfloor
⌊x⌋ ⌊x⌋.
There are also invisible parentheses, denoted by .
: \left.\frac12\right\rbrace
is 12 } 12}.
Sums and integrals \sum
and \int
; the subscript is the lower limit and the superscript is the upper limit, so for example \sum_1^n
∑ n 1 ∑1n.
Don't forget {
…}
if the limits are more than a single symbol. For example, \sum_{i=0}^\infty i^2
is ∑ ∞ i=0 i 2 ∑i=0∞i2.
Similarly, \prod
∏ ∏, \int
∫ ∫, \bigcup
⋃ ⋃, \bigcap
⋂ ⋂, \iint
∬ ∬.
Fractions There are two ways to make these. \frac ab
applies to the next two groups, and produces ab ab;
for more complicated numerators and denominators use{
…}
: \frac{a+1}{b+1}
is a+1b+1 a+1b+1.
If the numerator and denominator are complicated, you may prefer \over
, which splits up the group that it is in: {a+1\over b+1}
is a+1b+1 a+1b+1.
Fonts
\mathbb
or \Bbb
for "blackboard bold": CHNQRZ CHNQRZ.\mathbf
for boldface: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.\mathtt
for "typewriter" font: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.\mathrm
for roman font: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.\mathsf
for sans-serif font: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.\mathcal
for "calligraphic" letters: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ\mathscr
for script letters: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ\mathfrak
for "Fraktur" (old German style) letters: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.Radical signs Use sqrt
, which adjusts to the size of its argument: \sqrt{x^3}
x 3 − − √ x3; \sqrt[3]{\frac
xy}
xy √ 3 xy3.
For complicated expressions, consider using{...}^{1/2}
instead.
Some special functions such as "lim", "sin", "max", "ln", and so on are normally set in roman font instead of italic font. Use \lim
, \sin
, etc. to make these: \sin x
sinx sinx,
not sin x
sinx sinx.
Use subscripts to attach a notation to \lim
: \lim_{x\to 0}
lim x→0 limx→0
There are a very large number of special symbols and notations, too many to list here; see this shorter listing, or this exhaustive listing. Some of the most common include:
\lt \gt \le \ge \neq
<>≤≥≠ <>≤≥≠. \not
to put a slash through almost anything: \not\lt
≮ ≮ but \times \div \pm \mp
×÷±∓ ×÷±∓. \cdot
is \cup \cap \setminus \subset \subseteq \subsetneq \supset \in \notin \emptyset \varnothing
∪∩∖⊂⊆⊊⊃∈∉∅∅ ∪∩∖⊂⊆⊊⊃∈∉∅∅{n+1 \choose 2k}
or \binom{n+1}{2k}
(n+12k) (n+12k)\to \rightarrow \leftarrow \Rightarrow \Leftarrow \mapsto
→→←⇒⇐↦ →→←⇒⇐↦\land \lor \lnot \forall \exists \top \bot \vdash \vDash
∧∨¬∀∃⊤⊥⊢⊨ ∧∨¬∀∃⊤⊥⊢⊨\star \ast \oplus \circ \bullet
⋆∗⊕∘∙ ⋆∗⊕∘∙\approx \sim \simeq \cong \equiv \prec
≈∼≃≅≡≺ ≈∼≃≅≡≺.\infty \aleph_0
∞ℵ 0 ∞ℵ0 \nabla
\partial
∇∂ ∇∂ \Im
\Re
IR ℑℜ\pmod
like this: a\equiv b\pmod n
a≡b(modn) a≡b(modn).\ldots
is the dots in a 1 ,a 2 ,…,a n a1,a2,…,an \cdots
is \epsilon \varepsilon
ϵε ϵε, \phi
\varphi
ϕφ ϕφ, \ell
ℓ ℓ.Detexify lets you draw a symbol on a web page and then lists the TE X TEX symbols
that seem to resemble it. These are not guaranteed to work in MathJax but are a good place to start. To check that a command is supported, note that MathJax.org maintains a list
of currently supported LA TE X LATEX commands,
and one can also check Dr. Carol JVF Burns's page of TE X TEX Commands
Available in MathJax.
Spaces MathJax usually decides for itself how to space formulas, using a complex set of rules. Putting extra literal spaces into formulas will not change the amount of space MathJax puts in: a␣b
and a␣␣␣␣b
are both ab ab.
To add more space, use \,
for a thin space ab ab; \;
for
a wider space ab ab. \quad
and \qquad
are
large spaces: ab ab, ab ab.
To set plain text, use \text{…}
: {x∈s∣x is
extra large} {x∈s∣x is
extra large}. You can nest $…$
inside of \text{…}
.
Accents and diacritical marks Use \hat
for a single symbol x ^ x^, \widehat
for
a larger formula xy ˆ xy^.
If you make it too wide, it will look silly. Similarly, there are\bar
x ¯ x¯ and \overline
xyz ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ xyz¯,
and \vec
x ⃗ x→ and \overrightarrow
xy − → xy→ and \overleftrightarrow
xy ← → xy.
For dots, as in ddx xx ˙ =x ˙ 2 +xx ¨ ddxxx˙=x˙2+xx¨,
use \dot
and \ddot
.
Special characters used for MathJax interpreting can be escaped using the \
character: \$
$ $, \{
{ {, \_
_ _,
etc. If you want \
itself, you should use \backslash
∖ ∖,
because \\
is for a new line.
(Tutorial ends here.)
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