阅读课本CSAPP的第八章后完成本次实验,要求熟练掌握以下内容:
fork,waitpid,execve
)。shell
的概念,理解shell
程序是如何利用进程管理和信号去执行一个命令行语句。本次实验要求完成框架中一些必要函数从而实现一个简单shell
程序。
tsh.c
中给出了本次实验中需要实现的shell
的框架,大部分函数已经写好了,需要完成的函数已经写在了shlab.pdf
中。完成空缺的函数,使shell
支持的功能也已写在了shlab.pdf
中。
shell
进程解析一条命令行语句后会创建数个子进程(这些进程被称为作业)加载不同的程序去完成该命令行语句,由于shell
是所有作业的父进程,因此需要管理所有的子进程,进程间的通信需要靠信号。具体来说,为了执行一条命令行语句,shell
进程要完成以下工作:
解析一条命令行,判断是内置命令还是可执行文件路径,如果是后者就需要创建多个子进程。
维护作业列表
接收信号(当子进程终止、停止、继续执行时都会给shell
进程发送信号,用户还可以通过键盘向shell
进程发送信号,别的进程可以通过kill
发送信号),并做出正确响应。
正确响应意味着安全正确的信号处理程序,书上对这部分有详细的叙述。在本次实验中存在共享全局变量jobs
,编写信号处理程序应注意。
整个实验最令人困惑的地方应当是sigchld_handler
的编写方式,因为当子进程终止、停止、继续执行时都会给shell
进程发送SIGCHLD
,在该函数中必须对这三种情况加以区分。
最初的版本只考虑了子进程终止的情况,导致shell
表现出奇怪的状态,后来使用WIFSTOPPED
判断进程是否被停止。导致键入ctrl+Z
时子进程被挂起,而,但子进程已经被挂起而不可能会终止/停止,shell
进程将被永远挂起。
第二个版本只考虑子进程终止、停止的情况,没有考虑子进程继续执行的情况,因为shell
进程调用了waitpid(-1,&status,0)
而陷入等待子进程终止/停止的挂起状态,导致shell
进程必须等待继续执行的进程终止或被停止,修改后调用waitpid(-1,&status,WNOHANG|WUNTRACED)
,让shell
进程不等待直接返回,根据返回值来判断子进程是终止、停止、继续执行中的哪种情况。
和原来的代码相比,除了填充了空缺函数外还引入了一些自己写的、CSAPP上的包装函数
/*
* tsh - A tiny shell program with job control
*
* <Put your name and login ID here>
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <errno.h>
/* Misc manifest constants */
#define MAXLINE 1024 /* max line size */
#define MAXARGS 128 /* max args on a command line */
#define MAXJOBS 16 /* max jobs at any point in time */
#define MAXJID 1<<16 /* max job ID */
/* Job states */
#define UNDEF 0 /* undefined */
#define FG 1 /* running in foreground */
#define BG 2 /* running in background */
#define ST 3 /* stopped */
/* bool type */
typedef char bool;
#define true 0
#define false 1
/*
* Jobs states: FG (foreground), BG (background), ST (stopped)
* Job state transitions and enabling actions:
* FG -> ST : ctrl-z
* ST -> FG : fg command
* ST -> BG : bg command
* BG -> FG : fg command
* At most 1 job can be in the FG state.
*/
/* Global variables */
extern char **environ; /* defined in libc */
char prompt[] = "tsh> "; /* command line prompt (DO NOT CHANGE) */
int verbose = 0; /* if true, print additional output */
int nextjid = 1; /* next job ID to allocate */
char sbuf[MAXLINE]; /* for composing sprintf messages */
struct job_t { /* The job struct */
pid_t pid; /* job PID */
int jid; /* job ID [1, 2, ...] */
int state; /* UNDEF, BG, FG, or ST */
char cmdline[MAXLINE]; /* command line */
};
struct job_t jobs[MAXJOBS]; /* The job list */
/* End global variables */
/* Function prototypes */
/* Here are the functions that you will implement */
void eval(char *cmdline);
int builtin_cmd(char **argv);
void do_bgfg(char **argv);
void waitfg(pid_t pid);
void sigchld_handler(int sig);
void sigtstp_handler(int sig);
void sigint_handler(int sig);
/* Here are helper routines that we've provided for you */
int parseline(const char *cmdline, char **argv);
void sigquit_handler(int sig);
void clearjob(struct job_t *job);
void initjobs(struct job_t *jobs);
int maxjid(struct job_t *jobs);
int addjob(struct job_t *jobs, pid_t pid, int state, char *cmdline);
int deletejob(struct job_t *jobs, pid_t pid);
pid_t fgpid(struct job_t *jobs);
struct job_t *getjobpid(struct job_t *jobs, pid_t pid);
struct job_t *getjobjid(struct job_t *jobs, int jid);
int pid2jid(pid_t pid);
void listjobs(struct job_t *jobs);
void usage(void);
void unix_error(char *msg);
void app_error(char *msg);
typedef void handler_t(int);
handler_t *Signal(int signum, handler_t *handler);
/* Wrapped function */
static size_t sio_strlen(char s[])
{
int i = 0;
while (s[i] != '\0')
++i;
return i;
}
ssize_t sio_puts(char s[]) /* Put string */
{
return write(STDOUT_FILENO, s, sio_strlen(s)); //line:csapp:siostrlen
}
void Sio_error(char s[]) /* Put error message and exit */
{
sio_puts(s);
_exit(1); //line:csapp:sioexit
}
pid_t Fork(void)
{
pid_t pid;
if ((pid = fork()) < 0)
unix_error("Fork error");
return pid;
}
void Sigfillset(sigset_t *set)
{
if (sigfillset(set) < 0)
unix_error("Sigfillset error");
return;
}
void Sigemptyset(sigset_t *set)
{
if (sigemptyset(set) < 0)
unix_error("Sigemptyset error");
return;
}
void Sigaddset(sigset_t *set, int signum)
{
if (sigaddset(set, signum) < 0)
unix_error("Sigaddset error");
return;
}
void Sigdelset(sigset_t *set, int signum)
{
if (sigdelset(set, signum) < 0)
unix_error("Sigdelset error");
return;
}
void Sigprocmask(int how, const sigset_t *set, sigset_t *oldset)
{
if (sigprocmask(how, set, oldset) < 0)
unix_error("Sigprocmask error");
return;
}
/*
* eval - Evaluate the command line that the user has just typed in
*
* If the user has requested a built-in command (quit, jobs, bg or fg)
* then execute it immediately. Otherwise, fork a child process and
* run the job in the context of the child. If the job is running in
* the foreground, wait for it to terminate and then return. Note:
* each child process must have a unique process group ID so that our
* background children don't receive SIGINT (SIGTSTP) from the kernel
* when we type ctrl-c (ctrl-z) at the keyboard.
*/
void eval(char *cmdline)
{
char *argv[MAXARGS];
char buf[MAXLINE];
int bg;
pid_t pid;
sigset_t mask_all, prev_all, mask_chld;
Sigfillset(&mask_all);
Sigemptyset(&mask_chld);
Sigaddset(&mask_chld, SIGCHLD);
strcpy(buf, cmdline);
bg = parseline(buf, argv);
if (argv[0] == NULL)
return; // Ignore empty line
if (!builtin_cmd(argv))
{
Sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask_chld, &prev_all); // Block SIGCHLD
if ((pid = Fork()) == 0) { // Child process
// Change the pgid and restore sigset
Sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &prev_all, NULL);
setpgid(0, 0);
if (execve(argv[0], argv, environ) < 0) {
printf("%s: Command not found\n", argv[0]);
exit(0);
}
}
Sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask_all, NULL); // Block all signals
if (!bg)
addjob(jobs, pid, FG, cmdline);
else
addjob(jobs, pid, BG, cmdline);
Sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &prev_all, NULL); // Restore blocked signals
if (!bg)
waitfg(pid);
else
printf("[%d] (%d) %s", pid2jid(pid), pid, cmdline);
}
return;
}
/*
* 判断一个字符是否为数字或'%'
*/
bool isId(char c)
{
if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == '%')
return true;
else
return false;
}
/*
* builtin_cmd - If the user has typed a built-in command then execute
* it immediately.
*/
int builtin_cmd(char **argv)
{
if (!strcmp(argv[0], "quit"))
exit(0);
if (!strcmp(argv[0], "jobs"))
{
listjobs(jobs);
return 1;
}
if (!strcmp(argv[0], "bg") || !strcmp(argv[0], "fg")) { // 如果是fg命令需要等待前台作业
if (argv[1] == NULL) // 参数不能为空
printf("%s command requires PID or %%jobid argument\n", argv[0]);
else if (isId(argv[1][0]) == false) // 判断参数是否为PID或%JID的形式
printf("argument must be a PID or %%jobid\n");
else // 调用函数,由该函数处理进程或者作业是否存在
do_bgfg(argv);
return 1;
}
return 0; /* not a builtin command */
}
/*
* do_bgfg - Execute the builtin bg and fg commands
* 没有对输入做合法性检查
*/
void do_bgfg(char **argv)
{
int jid;
sigset_t mask_all, prev_all;
struct job_t *job;
Sigfillset(&mask_all);
if (argv[1][0] == '%') // 得到对应作业的jid
jid = atoi(argv[1]+1);
else
jid = pid2jid(atoi(argv[1]));
Sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask_all, &prev_all); //上锁,防止其它中断处理程序对jobs的操作
job = getjobjid(jobs, jid);
if (job == NULL) { // 作业不存在,输出报错信息
if (argv[1][0] == '%')
printf("%s: No such job\n", argv[1]);
else
printf("(%s): No such process\n", argv[1]);
Sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &prev_all, NULL);
return;
}
if (kill(-job->pid, SIGCONT) < 0) // 发送继续执行信号
Sio_error("sigint error\n");
if (!strcmp(argv[0], "bg")) { // 把进程从停止状态变为后台运行状态
job->state = BG;
printf("[%d] (%d) %s", jid, job->pid, job->cmdline);
}
else { // 把进程从停止状态变为前台运行状态
job->state = FG;
}
Sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &prev_all, NULL);
waitfg(fgpid(jobs));
return;
}
/*
* waitfg - Block until process pid is no longer the foreground process
*/
void waitfg(pid_t pid)
{
while (fgpid(jobs)) // Loop while existing foreground job
{
sleep(1);
}
return;
}
/*****************
* Signal handlers
*****************/
/*
* sigchld_handler - The kernel sends a SIGCHLD to the shell whenever
* a child job terminates (becomes a zombie), or stops because it
* received a SIGSTOP or SIGTSTP signal. The handler reaps all
* available zombie children, but doesn't wait for any other
* currently running children to terminate.
* 这个函数并不只是用于处理终止进程,由于进程停止、继续执行时也会发送SIGCHLD,必须识别出停止和终止两种情况
* 1. 进程停止
* 直接从jobs中删除子进程对应作业
* 如果被信号终止,打印终止信号
* 2. 进程停止
* 修改进程的状态
* 打印停止信号
* 3. 进程继续执行
* 直接返回
*/
void sigchld_handler(int sig)
{
int olderrno = errno;
sigset_t mask_all, prev_all;
pid_t pid;
int status, jid;
Sigfillset(&mask_all);
if ((pid = waitpid(-1, &status, WNOHANG|WUNTRACED)) < 0) { // 等待进程终止或者停止,如果返回-1说明waitpid出错,如果返回0说明没有进程处于停止或终止只是有子进程继续执行
Sio_error("waitpid error");
}
else if (pid == 0)
return;
jid = pid2jid(pid); // 得到jobid
Sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask_all, &prev_all); //上锁,防止其它中断处理程序对jobs的操作
if (WIFEXITED(status)) // 正常终止
deletejob(jobs, pid);
if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) { // 被信号终止
deletejob(jobs, pid);
printf("Job [%d] (%d) terminated by signal %d\n", jid, pid, WTERMSIG(status));
}
if (WIFSTOPPED(status)) {// 被信号停止
struct job_t *job = getjobpid(jobs, pid);
job->state = ST;
printf("Job [%d] (%d) stopped by signal %d\n", job->jid, pid, WSTOPSIG(status));
}
Sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &prev_all, NULL);
errno = olderrno;
return;
}
/*
* sigint_handler - The kernel sends a SIGINT to the shell whenver the
* user types ctrl-c at the keyboard. Catch it and send it along
* to the foreground job.
*/
void sigint_handler(int sig)
{
int olderrno = errno;
sigset_t mask_all, prev_all;
Sigfillset(&mask_all);
Sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask_all, &prev_all); // 上锁,防止其它中断处理程序对jobs的操作
if (fgpid(jobs))
if (kill(-fgpid(jobs), SIGINT))
Sio_error("sigint error\n");
Sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &prev_all, NULL);
errno = olderrno;
return;
}
/*
* sigtstp_handler - The kernel sends a SIGTSTP to the shell whenever
* the user types ctrl-z at the keyboard. Catch it and suspend the
* foreground job by sending it a SIGTSTP.
*/
void sigtstp_handler(int sig)
{
int olderrno = errno;
sigset_t mask_all, prev_all;
pid_t pid;
Sigfillset(&mask_all);
Sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask_all, &prev_all); // 上锁,防止其它中断处理程序对jobs的操作
if ((pid = fgpid(jobs)) != 0)
if (kill(-pid, SIGTSTP) < 0)
printf("kill error\n");
Sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &prev_all, NULL);
errno = olderrno;
return;
}
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