运用共享技术有效地支持大量细粒度对象的复用。系统只使用少量的对象,而这些对象都很相似,状态变化很小,可以实现对象的多次复用。
由于享元模式要求能够共享的对象必须是细粒度对象,因此它又称为轻量级模式,它是一种对象结构型模式。
享元类可以有多个对象,单例类只有一个对象
内部状态
享元对象内部不随外界环境改变而改变的共享部分。
外部状态
享元对象内部随环境的改变而改变,不能够共享的状态就是外部状态。
Flyweight(抽象享元类)
一个接口或抽象类,声明了具体享元类的公共方法。
ConcreteFlyweight(具体享元类)
实现了抽象享元类,其实例称为享元对象。
UnsharedConcreteFlyweight(非共享具体享元类)
并不是所有的抽象享元类的子类都需要被共享,不能被共享的子类可设计为非共享具体享元类。
FlyweightFactory(享元工厂类)
用于创建并管理享元对象,一般设计为一个存储“Key-Value”键值对的集合(可以结合工厂模式设计)。其作用就在于:提供一个用于存储享元对象的享元池,当用户需要对象时,首先从享元池中获取,如果享元池中不存在,那么则创建一个新的享元对象返回给用户,并在享元池中保存该新增对象
程序需要生成数量巨大的相似对象
这将耗尽目标设备的所有内存
对象中包含可抽取且能在多个对象间共享的重复状态。
示例
优点
缺点
做个打地鼠雏形,过程中假设只提供地鼠和炸弹两种物品。避免高频率创建和销毁,提高重复利用,此时可以用享元模式,
创建享元抽象类、具体类
// 抽象享元类
UCLASS(Abstract)
class DESIGNPATTERNS_API AFlyweightObject : public AActor
{
GENERATED_BODY()
public:
// 用于每次重新调用时,初始化各个参数
virtual void Init(FVector pInitPos) {
bIsLiving = true;
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT("----------------------------------"));
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__" %s is used. Pos%s"),
*this->GetName(),
*UKismetStringLibrary::Conv_VectorToString(pInitPos)); GetWorld()->GetTimerManager().SetTimer(m_pTimerHandle, this, &AFlyweightObject::End, 1.0f, false);
}
// 自定义销毁程序,不是真正的销毁实例
virtual void End() {
if (bIsLiving)
{
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__" ******** %s is destroyed."), *this->GetName());
bIsLiving = false;
GetWorld()->GetTimerManager().ClearTimer(m_pTimerHandle);
}
}
// 击中
virtual void Hit() PURE_VIRTUAL(AFlyweightObject::IsValid, );
// 用于判断是否已经在使用、空闲状态
bool IsLiving() {
return bIsLiving;
}
protected:
bool bIsLiving;
FTimerHandle m_pTimerHandle;
};
// 具体享元类 —— 地鼠
UCLASS()
class DESIGNPATTERNS_API AMole : public AFlyweightObject
{
GENERATED_BODY()
public:virtual void Hit() {
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__" %s is hit. Add 10 score"), *this->GetName());
End();
}
};
// 具体享元类 —— 炸弹
UCLASS()
class DESIGNPATTERNS_API ABomb : public AFlyweightObject
{
GENERATED_BODY()
public:
virtual void Hit() {
UE_LOG(LogTemp, Warning, TEXT(__FUNCTION__" %s is hit. Add -5 score"), *this->GetName());
End();
}
};
创建享元工厂类
内部可使用享元池存储多个享元对象
// 享元工厂类
UCLASS()
class DESIGNPATTERNS_API AFlyweightFactory : public AActor
{
GENERATED_BODY()
public:
// 初始化多个地鼠和炸弹实例以供使用
void Init() {
for (int32 i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
AMole* mole = GetWorld()->SpawnActor
m_pMolePool.Add(mole->GetName(), mole);
ABomb* bomb = GetWorld()->SpawnActor<ABomb>(FVector::ZeroVector, FRotator::ZeroRotator);
m_pBombPool.Add(bomb->GetName(), bomb);
}
}
// 获取未被使用的地鼠实例
AMole* GetMole() {
for (TTuple<FString,AMole*>& item : m_pMolePool)
{
if (!(item.Value)->IsLiving())
{
return item.Value;
}
}
return nullptr;
}
// 获取未被使用的炸弹实例
ABomb* GetBomb() {
for (TTuple<FString, ABomb*>& item : m_pBombPool)
{
if (!(item.Value)->IsLiving())
{
return item.Value;
}
}
return nullptr;
}
// 随机获取未被使用的地鼠或炸弹实例
AFlyweightObject* GetRandomElement() {
if (UKismetMathLibrary::RandomFloat() < 0.7f)
{
return GetMole();
}
else
{
return GetBomb();
}
}
private:
// 存储的地鼠对象池
UPROPERTY()
TMap
// 存储的炸弹对象池
UPROPERTY()
TMap<FString,ABomb*> m_pBombPool;
};
调用测试
UCLASS()
class DESIGNPATTERNS_API AFlyweightTestActor : public AActor
{
GENERATED_BODY()
public:
// Sets default values for this actor's properties
AFlyweightTestActor();
// Called every frame
virtual void Tick(float DeltaTime) override;
protected:
// Called when the game starts or when spawned
virtual void BeginPlay() override;
public:
UPROPERTY()
AFlyweightFactory* m_pFlyweightFactory;UPROPERTY()
FTimerHandle TimerHandle;
// 定时生成地鼠或炸弹
UFUNCTION()
void AutoSpawner();
};
// Called when the game starts or when spawned
void AFlyweightTestActor::BeginPlay()
{
Super::BeginPlay();// 享元工厂实例
m_pFlyweightFactory = GetWorld()->SpawnActor<AFlyweightFactory>(AFlyweightFactory::StaticClass());
m_pFlyweightFactory->Init();
// 定时器
GetWorld()->GetTimerManager().SetTimer(TimerHandle, this, &AFlyweightTestActor::AutoSpawner, 0.4f, true);
}
void AFlyweightTestActor::AutoSpawner()
{
// 随机位置
int32 RandomInt = UKismetMathLibrary::RandomInteger(16);
FVector RandomPos = FVector::ZeroVector + FVector(1, 0, 0) * (RandomInt / 4) + FVector(0, 1, 0) * (RandomInt % 4);
// 获取随机空闲的地鼠或炸弹
AFlyweightObject* FlyweightObj = m_pFlyweightFactory->GetRandomElement();
if (FlyweightObj)
{
// 初始化享元对象
FlyweightObj->Init(RandomPos); // 假定一定概率击中
if (UKismetMathLibrary::RandomFloat()<0.2)
{
FLatentActionInfo LatentActionInfo;
UKismetSystemLibrary::Delay(GetWorld(), 0.1, LatentActionInfo);
FlyweightObj->Hit();
}
}
}
调式输出
可以看出每次都是调用空闲的实例
生命周期结束或者被击中后,实例都会归为空闲状态
LogTemp: Warning: ----------------------------------
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::Init Mole_0 is used. PosX=3.000 Y=1.000 Z=0.000
LogTemp: Warning: ----------------------------------
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::Init Mole_1 is used. PosX=2.000 Y=3.000 Z=0.000
LogTemp: Warning: ----------------------------------
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::Init Mole_2 is used. PosX=1.000 Y=1.000 Z=0.000
LogTemp: Warning: AMole::Hit Mole_2 is hit. Add 10 score
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::End Mole_2 is destroyed.
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::End Mole_0 is destroyed.
LogTemp: Warning: ----------------------------------
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::Init Mole_0 is used. PosX=3.000 Y=3.000 Z=0.000
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::End Mole_1 is destroyed.
LogTemp: Warning: ----------------------------------
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::Init Mole_1 is used. PosX=3.000 Y=2.000 Z=0.000
LogTemp: Warning: ----------------------------------
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::Init Bomb_0 is used. PosX=3.000 Y=1.000 Z=0.000
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::End Mole_0 is destroyed.
LogTemp: Warning: ----------------------------------
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::Init Bomb_1 is used. PosX=3.000 Y=2.000 Z=0.000
LogTemp: Warning: ABomb::Hit Bomb_1 is hit. Add -5 score
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::End Bomb_1 is destroyed.
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::End Mole_1 is destroyed.
LogTemp: Warning: ----------------------------------
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::Init Bomb_1 is used. PosX=2.000 Y=2.000 Z=0.000
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::End Bomb_0 is destroyed.
LogTemp: Warning: ----------------------------------
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::Init Bomb_0 is used. PosX=2.000 Y=2.000 Z=0.000
LogTemp: Warning: ----------------------------------
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::Init Bomb_2 is used. PosX=0.000 Y=3.000 Z=0.000
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::End Bomb_1 is destroyed.
LogTemp: Warning: ----------------------------------
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::Init Bomb_1 is used. PosX=1.000 Y=2.000 Z=0.000
LogTemp: Warning: ABomb::Hit Bomb_1 is hit. Add -5 score
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::End Bomb_1 is destroyed.
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::End Bomb_0 is destroyed.
LogTemp: Warning: ----------------------------------
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::Init Mole_0 is used. PosX=1.000 Y=2.000 Z=0.000
LogTemp: Warning: AMole::Hit Mole_0 is hit. Add 10 score
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::End Mole_0 is destroyed.
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::End Bomb_2 is destroyed.
LogTemp: Warning: ----------------------------------
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::Init Mole_0 is used. PosX=2.000 Y=3.000 Z=0.000
LogTemp: Warning: ----------------------------------
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::Init Mole_1 is used. PosX=1.000 Y=0.000 Z=0.000
LogTemp: Warning: ----------------------------------
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::Init Bomb_0 is used. PosX=3.000 Y=3.000 Z=0.000
LogTemp: Warning: ABomb::Hit Bomb_0 is hit. Add -5 score
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::End Bomb_0 is destroyed.
LogTemp: Warning: AFlyweightObject::End Mole_0 is destroyed.
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