C/C++ 工程提供 Python 接口，有利于融合进 Python 的生态。现在 Python 在应用层，有其得天独厚的优势。尤其因为人工智能和大数据的推波助澜， Python 现在以及未来，将长期是最流行的语言之一。

那 C/C++ 怎么提供 Python 接口呢？

1. ctypes: C 与 Python 绑定， Python 内建模块
2. Boost.Python: C++ 与 Python 绑定， Boost 模块
3. pybind11: C++11 与 Python 绑定， 减去了旧 C++ 支持，更轻量化

本文将介绍 pybind11 的环境准备与入门使用。

• pybind11: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11

pybind11 是一个 header-only 的库，换句话说，只需要 C++ 项目里直接 include pybind11 的头文件就能使用。

这里则介绍如何于 CMake 里引入 pybind11 。而更多编译系统的介绍，可见官方文档 Build systems 。

获取 pybind11

可以 git submodule 添加子模块，最好固定为某个版本：

git submodule add https://github.com/pybind/pybind11.git third_party/pybind11-2.5.0
cd third_party/pybind11-2.5.0/
git checkout tags/v2.5.0

或者，直接获取源码，放进相应子目录即可。

添加进 CMake

CMakeLists.txt 里 add_subdirectory pybind11 的路径，再用其提供的 pybind11_add_module 就能创建 pybind11 的模块了。

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.1)
project(start-pybind11 VERSION 0.1.0 LANGUAGES C CXX)

set(MY_PYBIND ${MY_CURR}/third_party/pybind11-2.5.0)

add_subdirectory(${MY_PYBIND})
pybind11_add_module(example_pb example_pb.cpp)

如果想在已有 C++ 动态库上扩展 pybind11 绑定，那么 target_link_libraries 链接该动态库就可以了。

target_link_libraries(example_pb PUBLIC example)

我们先实现一个 add 函数，

int add(int i, int j) {
  return i + j;
}

为了简化工程，可以直接实现在 example_pb.cpp 里，

#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>

namespace py = pybind11;

int add(int i, int j) {
  return i + j;
}

PYBIND11_MODULE(example_pb, m) {
  m.doc() = "example_pb bindings";

  m.def("add", &add, "A function which adds two numbers");
}

之后，于 CMakeLists.txt 所在目录，执行 cmake 编译就完成了。

示例代码

• first_steps.h
• first_steps.cc
• first_steps_pb.cc

我们先实现一个定时触发器的类。使用如下：

#include <iostream>

#include "tick.h"

int main(int argc, char const *argv[]) {
  (void)argc;
  (void)argv;

  Tick tick(500, 5000);

  tick.SetTickEvent([&tick](std::int64_t elapsed_ms) {
    std::cout << "elapsed: " << elapsed_ms << " ms" << std::endl;
    if (elapsed_ms >= 2000) {
      tick.Stop();
    }
  });

  tick.Start();
  tick.WaitLifeOver();
  return 0;
}

运行结果：

$ ./_output/bin/cpp_thread_callback/tick_test
elapsed: 0 ms
elapsed: 500 ms
elapsed: 1000 ms
elapsed: 1500 ms
elapsed: 2000 ms

该类的声明如下：

using TickEvent = std::function<void(std::int64_t elapsed_ms)>;
using TickRunCallback = std::function<void()>;

class Tick {
 public:
  using clock = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock;

  Tick(std::int64_t tick_ms,
       std::int64_t life_ms = std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max());
  Tick(TickEvent tick_event, std::int64_t tick_ms,
       std::int64_t life_ms = std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max(),
       TickRunCallback run_beg = nullptr,
       TickRunCallback run_end = nullptr);
  virtual ~Tick();

  bool IsRunning() const;

  void Start();
  void Stop(bool wait_life_over = false);

  const std::chrono::time_point<clock> &GetTimeStart() const;

  void SetTickEvent(TickEvent &&tick_event);
  void SetTickEvent(const TickEvent &tick_event);

  void SetRunBegCallback(TickRunCallback &&run_beg);
  void SetRunBegCallback(const TickRunCallback &run_beg);

  void SetRunEndCallback(TickRunCallback &&run_end);
  void SetRunEndCallback(const TickRunCallback &run_end);

  void WaitLifeOver();

 protected:
  // ...
};

然后， pybind11 绑定实现如下：

#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
#include <pybind11/chrono.h>
#include <pybind11/functional.h>

#include <memory>

#include "cpp/cpp_thread_callback/tick.h"

namespace py = pybind11;
using namespace pybind11::literals;  // NOLINT

PYBIND11_MODULE(tick_pb, m) {
  m.doc() = "tick_pb bindings";

  py::class_<Tick, std::shared_ptr<Tick>>(m, "Tick")
    .def(py::init<std::int64_t, std::int64_t>())
    .def(py::init<TickEvent, std::int64_t, std::int64_t,
                  TickRunCallback, TickRunCallback>())
    .def_property_readonly("is_running", &Tick::IsRunning)
    .def("start", &Tick::Start)
    .def("stop", &Tick::Stop, "wait_life_over"_a = false)
    .def("get_time_start", &Tick::GetTimeStart)
    .def("set_tick_event", [](Tick &self, const TickEvent &tick_event) {
      self.SetTickEvent(tick_event);
    })
    .def("set_run_beg_callback", [](Tick &self,
        const TickRunCallback &run_beg) {
      self.SetRunBegCallback(run_beg);
    })
    .def("set_run_end_callback", [](Tick &self,
        const TickRunCallback &run_end) {
      self.SetRunEndCallback(run_end);
    })
    .def("wait_life_over", &Tick::WaitLifeOver,
        py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>());
}

编译出动态库后，把路径添加进 PYTHONPATH：

export PYTHONPATH=<path>:$PYTHONPATH

# 依赖其他动态库的话，把路径添加进 LIBRARY_PATH
# Linux
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=<path>:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
# macOS
export DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=<path>:$DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH

之后，就可以于 Python 里调用了：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# pylint: disable=missing-docstring, import-error
import tick_pb as tick

def _main():
  t = tick.Tick(lambda elapsed_ms: print(f"elapsed: {elapsed_ms} ms"),
                500, 1000,
                lambda: print("run beg"), lambda: print("run end"))
  t.start()
  t.wait_life_over()

if __name__ == "__main__":
  _main()

运行结果：

$ python src/pybind/cpp_thread_callback/tick_test.py
run beg
elapsed: 0 ms
elapsed: 500 ms
elapsed: 1000 ms
run end

示例代码

• tick.h
• tick.cc
• tick_test.cc
• tick_pb.cc
• tick_test.py

获取代码，

git clone https://github.com/ikuokuo/start-pybind11.git

# 获取子模块
cd start-pybind11/
git submodule update --init

编译安装，

# 依赖 cmake

cd start-pybind11/
make install

编译结果，

$ tree _install
_install
├── bin
│   └── cpp_thread_callback
│       └── tick_test
└── lib
    ├── cpp_thread_callback
    │   ├── libtick.0.1.0.dylib
    │   ├── libtick.0.1.dylib -> libtick.0.1.0.dylib
    │   ├── libtick.dylib -> libtick.0.1.dylib
    │   ├── tick_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so
    │   ├── tick_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> tick_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so
    │   └── tick_pb.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> tick_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so
    └── first_steps
        ├── first_steps_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so
        ├── first_steps_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> first_steps_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so
        ├── first_steps_pb.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> first_steps_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so
        ├── libfirst_steps.0.1.0.dylib
        ├── libfirst_steps.0.1.dylib -> libfirst_steps.0.1.0.dylib
        └── libfirst_steps.dylib -> libfirst_steps.0.1.dylib

5 directories, 13 files

添加路径，

$ source setup.bash first_steps cpp_thread_callback
DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH, PYTHONPATH
+ /Users/John/Workspace/Self/ikuokuo/start-pybind11/_install/lib/first_steps
+ /Users/John/Workspace/Self/ikuokuo/start-pybind11/_install/lib/cpp_thread_callback

运行示例，

$ python src/pybind/cpp_thread_callback/tick_test.py
run beg
elapsed: 0 ms
elapsed: 500 ms
elapsed: 1000 ms
run end

Go coding!