基于Bert的恶意软件多分类

V2AS问路

基于Bert的恶意软件多分类

阅读原文时间：2023年07月08日阅读：4

基于Bert从Windows API序列做恶意软件的多分类

0x00 数据集

https://github.com/ocatak/malware_api_class

偶然间发现，该数据集共有8种恶意软件家族，数量情况如下表。

Malware Family

Samples

Description

Spyware

832

enables a user to obtain covert information about another's computer activities by transmitting data covertly from their hard drive.

Downloader

1001

share the primary functionality of downloading content.

Trojan

1001

misleads users of its true intent.

Worms

1001

spreads copies of itself from computer to computer.

Adware

379

hides on your device and serves you advertisements.

Dropper

891

surreptitiously carries viruses, back doors and other malicious software so they can be executed on the compromised machine.

Virus

1001

designed to spread from host to host and has the ability to replicate itself.

Backdoor

1001

a technique in which a system security mechanism is bypassed undetectably to access a computer or its data.

每个样本的内容都是由Cuckoo Sandbox基于Windows OS API生成的，数据集种共有340种API，样本内容示例如下：

ldrloaddll ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrloaddll ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrloaddll ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrloaddll ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrloaddll ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrloaddll ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrloaddll ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrloaddll ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrloaddll ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrloaddll ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrloaddll ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrloaddll ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress regopenkeyexa regopenkeyexa regopenkeyexa ntopenkey ntqueryvaluekey ntclose ntopenkey ntqueryvaluekey ntclose ntclose ntqueryattributesfile ntqueryattributesfile ntqueryattributesfile ntqueryattributesfile loadstringa ntallocatevirtualmemory ntallocatevirtualmemory loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa loadstringa ldrgetdllhandle ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetdllhandle ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrloaddll ldrgetprocedureaddress ldrunloaddll findfirstfileexw copyfilea regcreatekeyexa regsetvalueexa regclosekey createprocessinternalw ntclose ntclose ntclose ntfreevirtualmemory ntterminateprocess ntterminateprocess ntclose ntclose ntclose ntclose ntclose ntclose ntclose ldrunloaddll ntopenkey ntqueryvaluekey ntclose ntclose ntclose ntclose ntterminateprocess

0x01 BERT

词嵌入模型有word2vec、glove、fasttext可用，最近在用BERT系列的模型，所以想用来尝试一下BERT在安全领域的NLP应用效果。

BERT的模型加载

第一步，下载模型。这里个人习惯用pytorch构建深度学习模型，所以这里下载的是torch版BERT预训练模型。BERT加载使用时需要三个文件，vocab.txt--用于对文本分词和构建输入，pytorch_model.bin和config.json--用于加载BERT预训练模型

# vocab 文件下载
'bert-base-uncased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-uncased-vocab.txt",
'bert-large-uncased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-large-uncased-vocab.txt",
'bert-base-cased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-cased-vocab.txt",
'bert-large-cased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-large-cased-vocab.txt",
'bert-base-multilingual-uncased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-multilingual-uncased-vocab.txt",
'bert-base-multilingual-cased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-multilingual-cased-vocab.txt",
'bert-base-chinese': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-chinese-vocab.txt",

# 预训练模型参数下载
'bert-base-uncased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-uncased.tar.gz",
'bert-large-uncased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-large-uncased.tar.gz",
'bert-base-cased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-cased.tar.gz",
'bert-large-cased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-large-cased.tar.gz",
'bert-base-multilingual-uncased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-multilingual-uncased.tar.gz",
'bert-base-multilingual-cased': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-multilingual-cased.tar.gz",
'bert-base-chinese': "https://s3.amazonaws.com/models.huggingface.co/bert/bert-base-chinese.tar.gz",

第二步，文本嵌入示例：

从文本到ids

from pytorch_pretrained_bert import BertTokenizer, BertModel

tokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained('./bert/vocab.txt')
bert = BertModel.from_pretrained('./bert/')

content = "this is an apple, this is a pen"
CLS = '[CLS]'
token = tokenizer.tokenize(content)
token = [CLS] + token
token_ids = tokenizer.convert_tokens_to_ids(token)

从ids到词嵌入、分类

bert模型输入参数要求

input_ids, token_type_ids=None, attention_mask=None, output_all_encoded_layers=True

intpu_ids，按bert的vocab分词后，切换到ids
token_type_ids，可选。就是 token 对应的句子id，值为0或1（0表示对应的token属于第一句，1表示属于第二句）。形状为(batch_size, sequence_length)。

[CLS] this is an apple ? [SEP] this is a pen . [SEP] 句子
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 token_type_ids
attention_mask，对应input_ids中非padding的部分为1，padding的部分为0，用于加快计算速度

list_12_outs, pooled = bert(token_ids, output_all_encoded_layers=True)

由于output_all_encoded_layers=True，12层Transformer的结果全返回了，存在list_12_outs的列表中，列表中的每一个张量的大小都是[batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size]

pooled是大小为[batch_size, hidden_size]的张量，也就是最后一层Transformer的输出结果的第一个单词[CLS]的hidden_states，蕴含了整个input句子的信息。

bert_embedding, pooled = bert(token_ids, output_all_encoded_layers=False)

当output_all_encoded_layers=False时，输出的第一个结果bert_embedding是大小为[batch_size, sequence_len, 768]，其中768相当于embedding dim。

pooled还是对整句话的表示，可以该值作为分类结果

def __init__()
    self.classifier = nn.Linear(1024, 2)

out = self.classifier(pooled)
return out

如果希望将bert结合更多模型，可以使用embedding的张量，继续添加各种层

是否需要训练bert的参数?

冻结所有参数

for param in self.bert.parameters():
    param.requires_grad_(False)

如果直接使用pooled结果进行分类，建议将Bert里除了pooler层之外参数冻结，从实验效果来看，会更好

for name, param in self.bert.named_parameters():
        if name.startswith('pooler'):
            continue
        else:
            param.requires_grad_(False)

0x02 数据预处理

训练集和测试集比例为8:2，并且严格对每一类恶意软件都采取8:2的比例。另外，BERT支持一次最多输入512个token，所以对样本中连续的API替换为一个，这样处理后，样本的API序列还是很长，所以决定使用样本的1020个个token，并将其切分为2*510的两段，每段前后各加上[CLS]和[SEP]，这样恰好成为两段512长度的tokens。

def load_data(max_sequnce, data_file, label_file):
    CLS, SEP, PAD = 101, 102, 0 # tokenizer.convert_tokens_to_ids(['[CLS]','[SEP]', '[PAD]']) 分别是对应的id
    api_list = open(data_file, 'r', encoding='utf-8').readlines()
    lab_list = open(label_file, 'r', encoding='utf-8').readlines()
    # 用这个dict存储每一类数据和其mask，然后8：2分割 Trojan:[(ids, mask), (ids, mask)]
    collected_by_label = {
        "Trojan":   [],
        "Backdoor":  [],
        "Downloader":[],
        "Worms":     [],
        "Spyware":   [],
        "Adware":   [],
        "Dropper":   [],
        "Virus":     []
        }
    train_input_ids = []
    train_input_mak = []
    train_input_lab = []
    test_input_ids = []
    test_input_mak = []
    test_input_lab = []
    for index in tqdm(range(len(lab_list))):
        last_api = ''
        simple_api = []
        label = lab_list[index].strip()  # 去掉末尾的\n
        api = api_list[index].strip().replace('\t', ' ').replace('\s', ' ').replace('\xa0', ' ')
        while '  ' in api:
            api = api.replace('  ', ' ')

        for i in api.split(' '):
            if i != last_api:
                simple_api.append(i)
                last_api = i

        # api -> ids
        ids = []
        for j in simple_api:
            ids += api_index[j]

        if len(ids) > max_sequnce-4: # 由于是1024，所以要加两次cls、sep
            ids = ids[:(max_sequnce-4)]
            ids = [CLS] + ids[:510] + [SEP] + [CLS] + ids[510:] + [SEP]
            mask = [1]*len(ids)

        elif len(ids)> 510:
            ids = [CLS] + ids[:510] + [SEP] + [CLS] + ids[510:] + [SEP]
            mask = [1]*len(ids)

        else:
            ids = [CLS] + ids + [SEP]
            mask = [1]*len(ids)

        if len(ids) <= max_sequnce:
            ids = ids + [PAD]*(max_sequnce-len(ids))
            mask = mask + [0]*(max_sequnce-len(mask))

        collected_by_label[label].append((ids, mask))

    # 8:2切分数据集以及合并train、test
    for label, data in tqdm(collected_by_label.items()):
        label = label_index[label]  # "Trojan" -> [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1]
        train = data[:len(data)//10*8]
        test = data[len(data)//10*8:]
        for ids, mask in train:
            train_input_ids.append(ids)
            train_input_mak.append(mask)
            train_input_lab.append(label)

        for ids, mask in test:
            test_input_ids.append(ids)
            test_input_mak.append(mask)
            test_input_lab.append(label)

    train_input_ids = torch.tensor(train_input_ids, dtype=torch.int64)
    train_input_mak = torch.tensor(train_input_mak, dtype=torch.int64)
    train_input_lab = torch.tensor(train_input_lab, dtype=torch.int64)

    test_input_ids = torch.tensor(test_input_ids, dtype=torch.int64)
    test_input_mak = torch.tensor(test_input_mak, dtype=torch.int64)
    test_input_lab = torch.tensor(test_input_lab, dtype=torch.int64)

    return train_input_ids,train_input_mak,train_input_lab,test_input_ids,test_input_mak,test_input_lab

0x03 模型框架和代码

(

模型框架如图所示，两个长度为512的输入序列分别使用BERT做embedding，BERT的输出将被拼接在一起(torch.cat函数)，拼接的函数将会输入BiLSTM层，最后输入全连接的softmax层。softmax层有八个神经元，对应8种分类。实际模型中在BiLSTM层后添加了Highway层，Highway层可以更好的向BiLSTM层反馈梯度。

模型定义代码
class Highway(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, input_dim, num_layers=1):
        super(Highway, self).__init__()

        self._layers = nn.ModuleList([nn.Linear(input_dim, input_dim * 2) for _ in range(num_layers)])
        for layer in self._layers:
            layer.bias[input_dim:].data.fill_(1)

    def forward(self, inputs):
        current_inputs = inputs
        for layer in self._layers:
            linear_part = current_inputs
            projected_inputs = layer(current_inputs)

            nonlinear_part, gate = projected_inputs.chunk(2, dim=-1)
            nonlinear_part = torch.relu(nonlinear_part)
            gate = torch.sigmoid(gate)
            current_inputs = gate * linear_part + (1 - gate) * nonlinear_part
        return current_inputs

class Bert_HBiLSTM(nn.Module):
    """
    Bert_HBiLSTM
    """

    def __init__(self, config):
        super(Bert_HBiLSTM, self).__init__()
        self.bert = config.bert
        self.config = config
        for name, param in self.bert.named_parameters():
            param.requires_grad_(False)

        self.lstm = nn.LSTM(config.embedding_dim, config.hidden_dim, num_layers=config.num_layers, batch_first=True,
                            bidirectional=True)
        self.drop = nn.Dropout(config.drop_rate)
        self.highway = Highway(config.hidden_dim * 2, 1)

        self.hidden2one = nn.Linear(config.hidden_dim*2, 1)
        self.relu = nn.ReLU()
        self.sequence2numclass = nn.Linear(config.max_sequnce, config.num_class)

    def forward(self, word_input, input_mask):
        word_input_last = word_input[:, 512:]
        word_input = word_input[:, :512]
        input_mask_last = input_mask[:, 512:]
        input_mask = input_mask[:, :512]

        word_input, _ = self.bert(word_input, attention_mask=input_mask, output_all_encoded_layers=False)
        word_input_last, _ = self.bert(word_input_last, attention_mask=input_mask_last, output_all_encoded_layers=False)
        input_mask.requires_grad = False
        input_mask_last.requires_grad = False
        word_input = word_input * (input_mask.unsqueeze(-1).float())
        word_input_last = word_input_last * (input_mask_last.unsqueeze(-1).float())

        cat_input = torch.cat([word_input, word_input_last], dim=1)

        # bert->bilstm->highway
        lstm_out, _ = self.lstm(cat_input)
        output = self.highway(lstm_out)
        output = self.drop(output)

        # hidden_dim*2 -> 1 -> sequense
        output = self.hidden2one(output)
        output = output.squeeze(-1)
        output = self.sequence2numclass(output)
        output = F.log_softmax(output, dim=1)

        return output

完整代码和数据可在github获取https://github.com/bitterzzZZ/Bert-malware-classification

手机扫一扫

移动阅读更方便

你可能感兴趣的文章