深度学习用于自然语言处理是将模式识别应用于单词、句子和段落,这与计算机视觉是将模式识别应用于像素大致相同。深度学习模型不会接收原始文本作为输入,它只能处理数值张量,因此我们必须将文本向量化(vectorize)。下图是主要流程。
one-hot编码是将每个单词与一个唯一的整数索引相关联,然后将这个整数索引 i 转换为长度为N的二进制向量(N是此表大小),这个向量只有第 i 个元素是1,其余都为0。
词嵌入是低维的浮点数向量,是从数据中学习得到的。
one-hot:高维度、稀疏
词嵌入:低维度、密集
这里我们重点介绍词嵌入!编译环境keras、jupyter Notebook
应用场景:IMDB电影评论情感预测任务
1、准备数据(keras内置)
2、将电影评论限制为前10 000个最常见的单词
3、评论长度限制20个单词
4、将输入的整数序列(二维整数张量)转换为嵌入序列(三维浮点数张量),将这个张量展平为二维,最后在上面训练一个Dense层用于分类
# 将一个Embedding层实例化
from keras.layers import Embedding
enmbedding_layer = Embedding(1000, 64)
加载数据、准备用于Embedding层
from keras.datasets import imdb
from keras import preprocessing
max_features = 10000
maxlen = 20
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = imdb.load_data(num_words = max_features)
x_train = preprocessing.sequence.pad_sequences(x_train, maxlen=maxlen)
x_test = preprocessing.sequence.pad_sequences(x_test, maxlen=maxlen)
在IMDB数据上使用Embedding层和分类器
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Flatten, Dense
model = Sequential()
model.add(Embedding(10000, 8, input_length=maxlen))
model.add(Flatten())
model.add(Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))
model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop', loss='binary_crossentropy', metrics=['acc'])
model.summary()
history = model.fit(x_train, y_train, epochs=10,
batch_size = 32,
validation_split=0.2)
_________________________________________________________________
embedding_2 (Embedding) (None, 20, 8) 80000
_________________________________________________________________
flatten_1 (Flatten) (None, 160) 0
_________________________________________________________________
Total params: 80,161
Trainable params: 80,161
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________
Train on 20000 samples, validate on 5000 samples
Epoch 1/10
20000/20000 [==============================] - 10s 517us/step - loss: 0.6759 - acc: 0.6050 - val_loss: 0.6398 - val_acc: 0.6814
……
Epoch 10/10
20000/20000 [==============================] - 3s 127us/step - loss: 0.2839 - acc: 0.8860 - val_loss: 0.5303 - val_acc: 0.7466
得到验证精度约为75%,我们仅仅将嵌入序列展开并在上面训练一个Dense层,会导致模型对输入序列中的每个单词处理,而没有考虑单词之间的关系和句子结构。更好的做法是在嵌入序列上添加循环层或一维卷积层,将整个序列作为整体来学习特征。
如果可用的训练数据很少,无法用数据学习到合适的词嵌入,那怎么办? ===> 使用预训练的词嵌入
这次,我们不使用keras内置的已经预先分词的IMDB数据,而是从头开始下载。
1. 下载IMDB数据的原始文本
地址:https://mng.bz/0tIo下载原始IMDB数据集并解压
import os
imdb_dir = 'F:/keras-dataset/aclImdb'
train_dir = os.path.join(imdb_dir, 'train')
labels = []
texts = []
for label_type in ['neg', 'pos']:
dir_name = os.path.join(train_dir, label_type)
for fname in os.listdir(dir_name):
if fname[-4:] == '.txt':
f = open(os.path.join(dir_name, fname), errors='ignore')
texts.append(f.read())
f.close()
if label_type == 'neg':
labels.append(0)
else:
labels.append(1)
2. 对IMDB原始数据的文本进行分词
预训练的词嵌入对训练数据很少的问题特别有用,因此我们只采取200个样本进行训练
# 对数据进行分词
from keras.preprocessing.text import Tokenizer
from keras.preprocessing.sequence import pad_sequences
import numpy as np
maxlen = 100
training_samples = 200
validation_samples = 10000
max_words = 10000
tokenizer = Tokenizer(num_words=max_words)
tokenizer.fit_on_texts(texts)
sequences = tokenizer.texts_to_sequences(texts)
word_index = tokenizer.word_index
print('Found %s unique tokens.' % len(word_index))
data = pad_sequences(sequences, maxlen=maxlen)
labels = np.asarray(labels)
print('Shape of data tensor:', data.shape)
print('Shape of label tensor:', labels.shape)
indices = np.arange(data.shape[0])
np.random.shuffle(indices)
data = data[indices]
labels = labels[indices]
x_train = data[:training_samples]
y_train = labels[:training_samples]
x_val = data[training_samples: training_samples + validation_samples]
y_val = labels[training_samples: training_samples + validation_samples]
Found 88583 unique tokens.
Shape of data tensor: (25000, 100)
Shape of label tensor: (25000,)
3. 下载GloVe词嵌入
地址:https://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/glove/ 文件名是glove.6B.zip,里面包含400 000个单词的100维向量。解压文件
对解压文件进行解析,构建一个单词映射为向量表示的索引
# 解析GloVe词嵌入文件
glove_dir = 'F:/keras-dataset'
embeddings_index = {}
f = open(os.path.join(glove_dir, 'glove.6B.100d.txt'), errors='ignore')
for line in f:
values = line.split()
word = values[0]
coefs = np.asarray(values[1:], dtype='float32')
embeddings_index[word] = coefs
f.close()
print('Found %s word vectors.' % len(embeddings_index))
embedding_dim = 100
embedding_matrics = np.zeros((max_words, embedding_dim))
for word, i in word_index.items():
embedding_vector = embeddings_index.get(word)
if i < max_words:
if embedding_vector is not None:
embedding_matrics[i] = embedding_vector
Found 399913 word vectors.
4. 定义模型
# 模型定义
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Embedding, Flatten, Dense
model = Sequential()
model.add(Embedding(max_words, embedding_dim, input_length=maxlen))
model.add(Flatten())
model.add(Dense(32, activation='relu'))
model.add(Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))
model.summary()
_________________________________________________________________
embedding_3 (Embedding) (None, 100, 100) 1000000
_________________________________________________________________
flatten_2 (Flatten) (None, 10000) 0
_________________________________________________________________
dense_2 (Dense) (None, 32) 320032
_________________________________________________________________
Total params: 1,320,065
Trainable params: 1,320,065
Non-trainable params: 0
6. 在模型中加载GloVe嵌入
Embedding层只有一个权重矩阵,是一个二维的浮点数矩阵,其中每个元素i是索引i相关联的词向量,将准备好的GloVe矩阵加载到Embedding层中,即模型的第一层
# 将预训练的词嵌入加载到Embedding层
model.layers[0].set_weights([embedding_matrics])
model.layers[0].trainable = False
7. 训练和评估模型
# 训练模型与评估模型
model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
loss='binary_crossentropy',
metrics=['acc'])
history = model.fit(x_train, y_train, epochs=10, batch_size=32, validation_data=(x_val, y_val))
model.save_weights('pre_trained_glove_model.h5')
Train on 200 samples, validate on 10000 samples
Epoch 1/10
200/200 [==============================] - 1s 4ms/step - loss: 0.9840 - acc: 0.5300 - val_loss: 0.6942 - val_acc: 0.4980
……..
Epoch 10/10
200/200 [==============================] - 0s 2ms/step - loss: 0.0598 - acc: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.8704 - val_acc: 0.5339
8. 绘制结果
# 绘制图像
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
acc = history.history['acc']
val_acc = history.history['val_acc']
loss = history.history['loss']
val_loss = history.history['val_loss']
epochs = range(1, len(acc) + 1)
plt.plot(epochs, acc, 'bo', label='Training acc')
plt.plot(epochs, val_acc, 'b', label='Validation acc')
plt.title('Training and validation accuracy')
plt.legend()
plt.figure()
plt.plot(epochs, loss, 'bo', label='Training loss')
plt.plot(epochs, val_loss, 'b', label='Validation loss')
plt.title('Training and validation loss')
plt.legend()
plt.show()
模型很快就开始过拟合,因为训练样本很少,效果不是很好。验证集的精度56%
9. 对测试集数据进行分词,并对数据进行评估模型
# 对测试集数据进行分词
test_dir = os.path.join(imdb_dir, 'test')
labels = []
texts = []
for label_type in ['neg', 'pos']:
dir_name = os.path.join(test_dir, label_type)
for fname in sorted(os.listdir(dir_name)):
if fname[-4:] == '.txt':
f = open(os.path.join(dir_name, fname), errors='ignore')
texts.append(f.read())
f.close()
if label_type == 'neg':
labels.append(0)
else:
labels.append(1)
sequences = tokenizer.texts_to_sequences(texts)
x_test = pad_sequences(sequences, maxlen=maxlen)
y_test = np.asarray(labels)
model.load_weights('pre_trained_glove_model.h5')
model.evaluate(x_test, y_test)
25000/25000 [==============================] - 1s 50us/step
[0.8740278043365478, 0.53072]
测试精度达到53%,效果还可以,因为我们只使用了很少的训练样本
在不使用预训练词嵌入的情况下,训练相同的模型
# 在不使用预训练词嵌入的情况下,训练相同的模型
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Embedding, Flatten, Dense
model = Sequential()
model.add(Embedding(max_words, embedding_dim, input_length=maxlen))
model.add(Flatten())
model.add(Dense(32, activation='relu'))
model.add(Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))
model.summary()
model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
loss='binary_crossentropy',
metrics=['acc'])
history = model.fit(x_train, y_train,
epochs=10,
batch_size=32,
validation_data=(x_val, y_val))
验证集的精度大概52%
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