RSA是1977年由罗纳德·李维斯特(Ron Rivest)、阿迪·萨莫尔(Adi Shamir)和伦纳德·阿德曼(Leonard Adleman)一起提出的。当时他们三人都在麻省理工学院工作。RSA就是他们三人姓氏开头字母拼在一起组成的。
RSA解决了对称加密的一个不足,比如AES算法加密和解密时使用的是同一个秘钥,因此这个秘钥不能公开,因此对于需要公开秘钥的场合,我们需要在加密和解密过程中使用不同的秘钥,加密使用的公钥可以公开,解密使用的私钥要保密,这就是非对称加密的好处。
常用的开发语言来实现RSA加密:
公钥与私钥
公钥与私钥是成对的,一般的,我们认为的是公钥加密、私钥解密、私钥签名、公钥验证,有人说成私钥加密,公钥解密时不对的。
公钥与私钥的生成有多种方式,可以通过程序生成(下文具体实现),可以通过openssl工具:
# 生成一个私钥,推荐使用1024位的秘钥,秘钥以pem格式保存到-out参数指定的文件中,采用PKCS1格式
openssl genrsa -out rsa.pem 1024
# 生成与私钥对应的公钥,生成的是Subject Public Key,一般配合PKCS8格式私钥使用
openssl rsa -in rsa.pem -pubout -out rsa.pub
RSA生成公钥与私钥一般有两种格式:PKCS1和PKCS8,上面的命令生成的秘钥是PKCS1格式的,而公钥是Subject Public Key,一般配合PKCS8格式私钥使用,所以就可能会涉及到PKCS1和PKCS8之间的转换:
# PKCS1格式私钥转换为PKCS8格式私钥,私钥直接输出到-out参数指定的文件中
openssl pkcs8 -topk8 -inform PEM -in rsa.pem -outform pem -nocrypt -out rsa\_pkcs8.pem
# PKCS8格式私钥转换为PKCS1格式私钥,私钥直接输出到-out参数指定的文件中
openssl rsa -in rsa\_pkcs8.pem -out rsa\_pkcs1.pem
# PKCS1格式公钥转换为PKCS8格式公钥,转换后的内容直接输出
openssl rsa -pubin -in rsa.pub -RSAPublicKey\_out
# PKCS8格式公钥转换为PKCS1格式公钥,转换后的内容直接输出
openssl rsa -RSAPublicKey\_in -pubout -in rsa.pub
现实中,我们往往从pem、crt、pfx文件获取公私和私钥,crt、pfx的制作可以参考:简单的制作ssl证书,并在nginx和IIS中使用,或者使用现成的:https://pan.baidu.com/s/1MJ5YmuZiLBnf-DfNR_6D7A (提取码:c6tj),密码都是:123456
Python实现
首先使用pip两个第三方包:
# 用于从crt、pfx等文件读取公私秘钥
pip install pyOpenSSL
# 用RSA加密解密签名验证等(如果安装不了,先卸载旧版本再安装:pip uninstall pycrypto)
pip install pycryptodome
接着封装一个模块RsaUtil:
# 需要安装OpenSSL包:pip install pyOpenSSL
from Crypto import Random, Hash
from Crypto.PublicKey import RSA
from Crypto.Cipher import PKCS1_v1_5 as PKCS1_v1_5_Cipher
from Crypto.Signature import PKCS1_v1_5 as PKCS1_v1_5_Signature
from Crypto.IO import PEM, PKCS8
from OpenSSL import crypto
from Crypto.Util.asn1 import (DerSequence, DerBitString, DerObjectId, DerNull)
def pkcs1_to_pkcs8(buffer):
rsakey = RSA.importKey(buffer)
if rsakey.has_private():
return PKCS8.wrap(buffer, RSA.oid, None)
return rsakey.exportKey("DER")
def pkcs8_to_pkcs1(buffer):
rsakey = RSA.importKey(buffer)
if rsakey.has_private(): # 私钥
return PKCS8.unwrap(buffer, None)[1]
spki = DerSequence().decode(buffer, nr\_elements=2)
algo = DerSequence().decode(spki\[0\], nr\_elements=(1, 2))
algo\_oid = DerObjectId().decode(algo\[0\])
spk = DerBitString().decode(spki\[1\]).value
if len(algo) == 1:
algo\_params = None
else:
try:
DerNull().decode(algo\[1\])
algo\_params = None
except:
algo\_params = algo\[1\]
if algo\_oid.value != RSA.oid or algo\_params is not None:
raise ValueError("No RSA subjectPublicKeyInfo")
return spk
def generate_rsa_key(use_pkcs8=False):
rsa_key = RSA.generate(1024, Random.new().read) # 1024位
private_key = rsa_key.exportKey("DER", pkcs=1)
public_key = rsa_key.publickey().exportKey("DER") # subject_public_key
if use_pkcs8:
private_key = pkcs1_to_pkcs8(private_key)
else:
public_key = pkcs8_to_pkcs1(public_key)
return public\_key, private\_key
def read_from_pem(pen_file_ame):
with open(pen_file_ame, 'r') as f:
t = PEM.decode(f.read())
if t[2]:
raise ValueError("fail to read pem")
return t[0]
def write_to_pem(buffer, is_private_key, pen_file_ame):
if is_private_key:
str = PEM.encode(buffer, "RSA PRIVATE KEY")
else:
str = PEM.encode(buffer, "RSA PUBLIC KEY")
with open(pen\_file\_ame, 'w') as f:
f.write(str)
def read_public_key_from_crt(crt_file_name):
with open(crt_file_name, 'rb') as f:
cert = crypto.load_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, f.read())
return crypto.dump_publickey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, cert.get_pubkey())
def read_from_pfx(pfx_file_name, password):
with open(pfx_file_name, 'rb') as f:
pfx = crypto.load_pkcs12(f.read(), bytes(password, encoding="utf-8"))
cert = pfx.get_certificate()
_public_key = crypto.dump_publickey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, cert.get_pubkey())
_privat_key = crypto.dump_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, pfx.get_privatekey())
return _public_key, _privat_key
def rsa_encrypt(value, public_key):
rsakey = RSA.importKey(public_key)
cipher = PKCS1_v1_5_Cipher.new(rsakey)
buffer = cipher.encrypt(value.encode("utf-8"))
return buffer.hex() # 使用hex格式输出
def rsa_decrypt(value, private_key):
rsakey = RSA.importKey(private_key)
cipher = PKCS1_v1_5_Cipher.new(rsakey)
buffer = bytes.fromhex(value) # 读取hex格式数据
buffer = cipher.decrypt(buffer, Random.new().read)
return buffer.decode("utf-8")
def sign(value, private_ey, halg=Hash.MD5):
rsakey = RSA.importKey(private_ey)
signer = PKCS1_v1_5_Signature.new(rsakey)
hash = halg.new()
hash.update(value.encode("utf-8"))
buffer = signer.sign(hash)
return buffer.hex() # 使用hex格式输出
def verify(value, public_key, signature, halg=Hash.MD5):
rsakey = RSA.importKey(public_key)
verifier = PKCS1_v1_5_Signature.new(rsakey)
hash = halg.new()
hash.update(value.encode("utf-8"))
buffer = bytes.fromhex(signature) # 读取hex格式数据
result: bool = verifier.verify(hash, buffer)
return result
RsaUtil
生成RSA的公私秘钥:
# 生成rsa公私秘钥
(publicKey, privateKey) = RsaUtil.generate_rsa_key(use_pkcs8)
生成秘钥后,需要保存,一般保存到pem文件中:
# 将公私秘钥写入pem文件,filePath是文件目录
RsaUtil.write_to_pem(publicKey, False, os.path.join(filePath, "rsa.pub"))
RsaUtil.write_to_pem(privateKey, True, os.path.join(filePath, "rsa.pem"))
可以保存到pem文件中,当然也可以从pem文件中读取了:
# 从pem文件中读取秘钥,filePath是文件目录
publicKey = RsaUtil.read_from_pem(os.path.join(filePath, "rsa.pub"))
privateKey = RsaUtil.read_from_pem(os.path.join(filePath, "rsa.pem"))
还可以从crt证书中读取公钥,而crt文件不包含私钥,因此需要单独获取私钥:
# 从crt文件读取,filePath是文件目录
publicKey = RsaUtil.read_public_key_from_crt(os.path.join(filePath, "demo.crt"))
privateKey = RsaUtil.read_from_pem(os.path.join(filePath, "demo.key"))
pfx文件中包含了公钥和私钥,可以很方便就读取到:
# 从demo.pfx文件读取(demo.pfx采用的是pkcs1),filePath是文件目录
(publicKey, privateKey) = RsaUtil.read_from_pfx(os.path.join(filePath, "demo.pfx"), "123456")
有时候我们还可能需要进行秘钥的转换:
# Pkcs8格式公钥转换为Pkcs1格式公钥
publicKey = RsaUtil.pkcs8_to_pkcs1(publicKey)
privateKey = RsaUtil.pkcs8_to_pkcs1(privateKey)
publicKey = RsaUtil.pkcs1_to_pkcs8(publicKey)
privateKey = RsaUtil.pkcs1_to_pkcs8(privateKey)
有了公钥和私钥,接下就就能实现加密、解密、签名、验证签名等操作了:
encryptText = RsaUtil.rsa_encrypt(text, publicKey)
print("【", text, "】经过【RSA】加密后:", encryptText)
decryptText = RsaUtil.rsa_decrypt(encryptText, privateKey)
print("【", encryptText, "】经过【RSA】解密后:", decryptText)
signature = RsaUtil.sign(text, privateKey, Hash.MD5)
print("【", text, "】经过【RSA】签名后:", signature)
result = RsaUtil.verify(text, publicKey, signature, Hash.MD5)
print("【", text, "】的签名【", signature, "】经过【RSA】验证后结果是:", result)
完整的demo代码:
import RsaUtil
from Crypto import Hash
import os
text = "上山打老虎"
use_pkcs8 = True
filePath = os.getcwd()
print("文件路径:", filePath)
(publicKey, privateKey) = RsaUtil.generate_rsa_key(use_pkcs8)
RsaUtil.write_to_pem(publicKey, False, os.path.join(filePath, "rsa.pub"))
RsaUtil.write_to_pem(privateKey, True, os.path.join(filePath, "rsa.pem"))
publicKey = RsaUtil.pkcs8_to_pkcs1(publicKey)
privateKey = RsaUtil.pkcs8_to_pkcs1(privateKey)
publicKey = RsaUtil.pkcs1_to_pkcs8(publicKey)
privateKey = RsaUtil.pkcs1_to_pkcs8(privateKey)
encryptText = RsaUtil.rsa_encrypt(text, publicKey)
print("【", text, "】经过【RSA】加密后:", encryptText)
decryptText = RsaUtil.rsa_decrypt(encryptText, privateKey)
print("【", encryptText, "】经过【RSA】解密后:", decryptText)
signature = RsaUtil.sign(text, privateKey, Hash.MD5)
print("【", text, "】经过【RSA】签名后:", signature)
result = RsaUtil.verify(text, publicKey, signature, Hash.MD5)
print("【", text, "】的签名【", signature, "】经过【RSA】验证后结果是:", result)
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