一.Android官方ORM数据库Room
Android采用Sqlite作为数据库存储。但由于Sqlite代码写起来繁琐且容易出错,因此Google推出了Room,其实Room就是在Sqlite上面再封装了一层。下面是Room的架构图:
要想更好地理解上面的图,我们先要理解几个概念:Entity和Dao
Entity:实体,一个entity就对应于数据库中的一张表。Entity类是Sqlite中的表对java类的映射,例如有一个学生表,有id,name,age三个字段;那么对应的就有一个学生类,有id,name,age三个成员变量和学生表中的字段进行一一对应。
Dao:即Data Access Object,数据访问对象,就是字面意思,可以通过他来访问数据库中的数据。
那么所谓的ORM(Object Relational Mapping),对象关系映射,就很好理解了。就是建立一个从数据库表到java类的映射,表中的字段对应类中的成员变量,表中的记录对应该类的一个实例。
二.Room数据库的基本使用方法
1.在使用Room数据库前,先要在app/build.gradle文件中导入以下的依赖:
implementation 'androidx.room:room-runtime:2.5.2'
annotationProcessor 'androidx.room:room-compiler:2.5.2'
2.创建一个关于学生的Entity,即创建一张学生表:
@Entity
public class Student {
@PrimaryKey
private Integer id;
@ColumnInfo(name="name",typeAffinity = ColumnInfo.TEXT)
private String name;
@ColumnInfo(name="age",typeAffinity = ColumnInfo.INTEGER)
private Integer age;
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Integer getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(Integer age) {
this.age = age;
}
public Student(Integer id, String name, Integer age) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Student{" +
"id=" + id +
", name='" + name + '\\'' +
", age=" + age +
'}';
}
}
@Entity注解用于将Student类和Room数据库中的数据表对应起来;@PrimaryKey注解即主键约束;@ColumnInfo注解可以设置该成员变量对应的表中字段的名称以及类型
需要注意的一点是get方法不可省略
3.针对上面的学生类Entity,我们需要定义一个Dao接口文件,以便对数据库进行访问,在接口的上方加上@Dao注解即可
@Dao
public interface StudentDao {
@Insert
void insertStudent(Student student);
@Delete
void deleteStudent(Student student);
@Update
void updataStudent(Student student);
@Query("select * from Student")
LiveData> getAllStudents();
@Query("select * from student where id=:id")
Student selectStudentById(Integer id);
}
4.定义好Entity和Dao后,接下来就是创建数据库了,代码如下:
@Database(entities = {Student.class},version = 1)
public abstract class MyDatabase extends RoomDatabase {
private static final String DATABASE_NAME="my_db";
private static MyDatabase myDatabase;
public static synchronized MyDatabase getInstance(Context context){
if(myDatabase==null){
myDatabase= Room.databaseBuilder(context,MyDatabase.class,DATABASE_NAME).build();
}
return myDatabase;
}
@Override
public void clearAllTables() {
}
@NonNull
@Override
protected InvalidationTracker createInvalidationTracker() {
return null;
}
@NonNull
@Override
protected SupportSQLiteOpenHelper createOpenHelper(@NonNull DatabaseConfiguration databaseConfiguration) {
return null;
}
public abstract StudentDao studentDao();
}
@Database注解用于告诉系统这是Room数据库对象,entities属性用于指定该数据库有哪些表,version用于指定数据库的版本号
数据库类需要继承RoomDatabase类,并结合单例模式完成创建。
到这里,数据库和表就创建完成了,接下来就看看如何对数据库进行增删改查了。
5.结合ViewModel和LiveData,对数据库进行增删改查,并且数据库表的记录发生变化时,页面可以及时收到通知,并更新页面。
LiveData通常和ViewModel一起使用,ViewModel用于存储页面的数据,因此我们可以把数据库的实例化放到ViewModel中,但数据库的实例化需要用到Context对象,因此我们不宜直接用ViewModel,而应该用其子类AndroidViewModel。
public class StudentViewModel extends AndroidViewModel {
private MyDatabase myDatabase;
private LiveData> liveDataStudents;
public StudentViewModel(@NonNull Application application) {
super(application);
myDatabase=MyDatabase.getInstance(application);
liveDataStudents=myDatabase.studentDao().getAllStudents();
}
public LiveData<List<Student>> getLiveDataStudents(){
return liveDataStudents;
}
public void insertStudent(Student student){
myDatabase.studentDao().insertStudent(student);
}
public void deleteStudent(Student student){
myDatabase.studentDao().deleteStudent(student);
}
public void updateStudent(Student student){
myDatabase.studentDao().updataStudent(student);
}
public Student selectStudentById(Integer id){
return myDatabase.studentDao().selectStudentById(id);
}
}
6.在Activity中实例化StudentViewModel,并进行增删改查操作,并监听LiveData的变化。
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements View.OnClickListener {
private Button btn_insert,btn_delete,btn_update,btn_select;
private TextView tv_display;
private StudentViewModel studentViewModel;
private ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
private Student student;
@SuppressLint("MissingInflatedId")
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
tv_display=findViewById(R.id.tv_display);
btn_delete=findViewById(R.id.btn_delete);
btn_insert=findViewById(R.id.btn_insert);
btn_update=findViewById(R.id.btn_update);
btn_select=findViewById(R.id.btn_select);
btn_select.setOnClickListener(this);
btn_insert.setOnClickListener(this);
btn_delete.setOnClickListener(this);
btn_update.setOnClickListener(this);
studentViewModel=new ViewModelProvider(this,new MyViewModelFactory(getApplication())).get(StudentViewModel.class);
studentViewModel.getLiveDataStudents().observe(this, new Observer>() {
@Override
public void onChanged(List
tv_display.setText(students+"");
}
});
}
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
switch(view.getId()){
case R.id.btn\_delete:
executor.execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
studentViewModel.deleteStudent(new Student(1,"jack",20));
}
});
break;
case R.id.btn\_update:
executor.execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
studentViewModel.updateStudent(new Student(1,"zhangsan",32));
}
});
break;
case R.id.btn\_insert:
executor.execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
studentViewModel.insertStudent(new Student(1,"lisi",22));
}
});
break;
case R.id.btn\_select:
executor.execute(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
student = studentViewModel.selectStudentById(1);
Log.i("test",student.toString());
}
});
break;
}
}
}
public class MyViewModelFactory implements ViewModelProvider.Factory {
private Application application;
public MyViewModelFactory(Application application){
this.application=application;
}
@NonNull
@Override
public
return (T)new StudentViewModel(application);
}
}
运行应用程序,对数据库进行增删改操作时,onChanged方法就会回调,然后在这个方法中对页面进行更新即可。
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