数据库操作
执行原生SQL
//查询
$emp = DB::select('select * from employees where emp_no = 1');
$emp = DB::select('select * from employees where emp_no = ? and gender = ?',[1,'M']);
$emp = DB::select('select * from employees where emp_no = :empNo and gender = :gender',['empNo'=>1,'gender'=>'M']);
//插入
DB::insert('insert into employees(first_name,last_name) values(?,?,?)',['Jack','Ma']);
//更新,返回受影响的行数
$affected = DB::update('update employees set gender = ? where emp_no = ?',['M',123]);
//删除,返回被删除的行数
$deleted = DB::delete('delete from employees where first_name = ?',['Jack']);
//运行通用语句,不返回任何值
DB::statement('drop table employees');
事务
//如果事务闭包中抛出异常,事务将会自动回滚;如果闭包执行成功,事务将会自动提交:
DB::transaction(function(){
DB::insert('insert into employees(first_name,last_name) values(?,?,?)',['Jack','Ma']);
$affected = DB::update('update employees set gender = ? where emp_no = ?',['M',123]);
});
//手动开启事务
DB::beginTransaction();
//手动回滚
DB::rollBack();
//手动提交
DB::commit();
查询构建器
table()
通过DB门面的table()函数来获取一个查询构建器实例。
get()
$emps = DB::table('employees').get();
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返回包含结果集额的Illuminate\Support\Collection,其中每一个结果都是 PHP 的 StdClass 对象实例
first()
$emp = DB::table('employees')->first();
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从数据表中获取一行数据
value()
$values = DB::table('employees')->where('emp_no','>=',499995)->value('first_name');
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只获取第一条结果的某一列的数据
pluck()
与value类似,但是返回所有符合条件的记录列数组。
chunk()
DB::table('employees')->where('emp_no','>=',499980)->orderby('emp_no')->chunk(10,function($emps){
foreach ($emps as $emp) {
echo $emp->first_name. '
';
}
});
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将查询结果分块在回调函数中进行处理。
聚合函数
//count()
$result = DB::table('employees')->where('emp_no','>=',499980)->count();
//max()
$result = DB::table('salaries')->max('salary');
//min()
$result = DB::table('salaries')->min('salary');
//sum()
$result = DB::table('salaries')->where('emp_no','>=',499980)->sum('salary');
//avg()
$result = DB::table('salaries')->where('emp_no','>=',499980)->avg('salary');
exists()、doesntExist
$result = DB::table('employees')->where('emp_no','=','500000')->exists();
$result = DB::table('employees')->where('emp_no','=','500000')->doesntExist();
判断结果是否存在或不存在
select(),andSelect()
$result = DB::table('employees')->where('emp_no','>=','499980')->select('first_name','last_name')->get();
//上面的查询等同于:
$query = DB::table('employees')->where('emp_no','>=','499980')->select('first_name');
$result = $query->andSelect('last_name')->get();
指定查询的列
distinct()
$result = DB::table('employees')->where('emp_no','>=','499980')->select('first_name','last_name')->distinct()->get();
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过滤重复结果
原生语句
DB::Raw()
$result = DB::table('employees')->select(DB::raw('count(1) as num'))->where('emp_no','>=', 499980')->get();
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whereRaw()
$result = DB::table('employees')->select(DB::raw('count(1) as num'))->whereRaw('emp_no>=?',[499980])->get();
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此外还有orWhereRaw(),havingRaw(),orhavingRaw(),orderByRaw()
Join
join
$result = DB::table('employees')->join('salaries','employees.emp_no','=','salaries.emp_no')->where('employees.emp_no','>=','499980')->get();
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leftJoin,rightJoin类似。
crossJoin():生成一个笛卡尔积
$users = DB::table('sizes')
->crossJoin('colours')
->get();
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高级连接
$result = DB::table('employees')->join('salaries',function($join){
$join->on('employees.emp_no','=','salaries.emp_no')->where('employees.emp_no','>=','499980');
})->get();
join函数的第二个参数为一个闭包,该闭包将会接收一个 JoinClause 对象用于指定 join 子句约束。
子查询连接
$salaryQ = DB::table('salaries')->where('emp_no','>=','499980');
$result = DB::table('employees')->joinSub($salaryQ,'salaries',function($join){
$join->on('employees.emp_no','=','salaries.emp_no');
})->get();
return $result;
可以使用 joinSub、leftJoinSub 和 rightJoinSub 方法将查询和一个子查询进行连接,每个方法都接收三个参数 —— 子查询、表别名和定义关联字段的闭包
Union
$emps = DB::table('employees')->whereRaw('emp_no between 499980 and 499990');
$result = DB::table('employees')->whereRaw('emp_no > 499990')->union($emps1)->get();
Where 子句
简单where子句
//添加一个条件
DB::table('employees')->where('emp_no','>=','499980');
//添加多个条件,传二维数组
DB::table('employees')->where([
['emp_no','>=','499980'],
['gender','=','F']
]);
or语句
DB::table('employees')->where('emp_no','>=','499980')->orWhere('emp_no','<','10')->get();
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whereBetween
DB::table('employees')->whereBetween('emp_no',[499980,499999])->get();
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whereNotBetween同理
whereIn,whereNotIn
DB::table('employees')->whereIn('emp_no',[11111,11112,11113])->get();
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whereNotIn同理
whereNull,whereNotNull
DB::table('employees')->whereNull('birth_date')->get();
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wherNotNull同理
whereDate / whereMonth / whereDay / whereYear / whereTime
orderBy()
$result = DB::table('employees')->whereIn('emp_no',[11111,11112,11113])->orderBy('hire_date','asc','birth_date','asc')->get();
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groupBy(),having
DB::table('salaries')->select('emp_no','salary')->groupBy('emp_no','salary')->having('emp_no','>','499990')->get();
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insert()
DB::table('employees')->insert(['firtst_name'=>'Jack','last_name'=>'Ma']);
DB::table('employees')->insert([
['firtst_name'=>'Jack','last_name'=>'Ma'],
['firtst_name'=>'Jack2','last_name'=>'Ma']
]);
获取自增ID
$id = DB::table('employees')->insertGetId(['firtst_name'=>'Jack','last_name'=>'Ma']);
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update()
DB::table('employees')->where('id',1)->update(['last_name'=>'Ma','gendger'=>'M']);
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delete()
DB::table('employees')->where('id',1)->delete();
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Eloquent
定义模型
$ php artisan make:model Employee
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这将在项目中生成一个Employee.php,内容如下:
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class Employee extends Model
{
//
}
此时Employee模型默认对应employees表(小写的模型类名复数格式)。
模型成员变量
$table:关联到模型的数据表
$primaryKey:主键名(默认为id)
$keyType:主键类型(默认为整形数据)
$incrementing:主键是否自增(默认为true)
$fillable:可以被赋值的属性,不能与$guarded同时使用
$guarded:不会被赋值的属性,不能与$fillable同时使用
获取
$emps = Employee::all();//返回表中所有数据
$emps = Employee::where([['last_name','like','A%'],['gender','=','M']])->orderby('birth_date','asc')->limit(3)->get();//条件查询
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就是将Employee模型就是一个查询构建器,我们可以在模型上使用查询构建起的所有方法。
插入
public function store(Request $request){
$emp = new Employee();
$emp->first_name = $request->input('first_name');
$emp->last_name = $request->input('last_name');
$emp->birth_date = $request->input('birth_date');
$emp->hire_date = date('Y-m-d',time());
$emp->gender = $request->input('gender');
var_dump($emp);
$emp->save();
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更新
$emp = Employee::find($emp_no);//先查询
$emp->first_name = $request->input('first_name');
$emp->last_name = $request->input('last_name');
$emp->birth_date = $request->input('birth_date');
$emp->hire_date = $request->input('hire_date');
$emp->gender = $request->input('gender');
$emp->save();//更新到数据库
批量更新:
Employee::where('emp_no','>','500000')->update(['hire_date'=>'2020-05-10']);
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删除
Employee::find(1)->delete();//按主键删除
Employee::where('last_name','AAA')->delete();//批量删除
Employee::destroy(1);//按主键删除
Employee::destroy([1,2,3]);//批量删除
软删除
class Employee extends Model
{
use SoftDeletes;
/\*\*
\* 应该被调整为日期的属性
\*
\* @var array
\*/
protected $dates = \['deleted\_at'\];
}
表中有deleted_at列,那么上面的配置将会软删除
关联关系
class Employee extends Model
{
// protected $table = 'employees_temp';
protected $primaryKey = 'emp_no';
public $timestamps = false;
// 一对一,一个Employee关联一个salary
public function salary(){
return $this->hasOne('App\Salary','emp_no','emp_no');
}
// 一对多,一个Employee关联一个title
public function titles(){
return $this->hasMany('App\Title','emp_no','emp_no');
}
}
hasOne和hasMany的第二个参数是外键名,默认为方法名加_id后缀,第二个参数为主键名,或当前模型的关联字段名称。
$emp = Employee::find(1);
$salary = $emp->salary;
$titles = $emp->titles;
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逆向
class Salary extends Model
{
public function Employee(){
return $this->belongsTo('App\Employee','emp_no','emp_no');
}
}
belongsTo第二个参数是外键名,默认为当前模型名加_id后缀,第三个参数为主键名,默认为id。
$salary = Salary::find(1);
$emp = $salary->emplioyee;
多对多
class Employee extends Model
{
protected $primaryKey = 'emp_no';
public $timestamps = false;
//一个员工对应多个部门,一个部门有多个员工
public function departments(){
return $this->belongsToMany('App\Department','dept_emp','emp_no','dept_no');
}
}
class Department extends Model
{
protected $primaryKey = 'dept_no';
}
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