首先感谢 cyxvc 老哥，他的代码可读性超高，精简有用以理解，我找这方面的资料好久了，这篇文章对我帮助很大。

参考代码:

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <Windows.h>

extern void DirectoryString(DWORD dwIndex);

int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
    //获取文件句柄
    HANDLE hFile = CreateFile(
        _T("D:\\PE.exe"),
        GENERIC_READ,
        0,
        NULL,
        OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
    //获取文件大小
    DWORD dwFileSize = GetFileSize(hFile, NULL);
    CHAR *pFileBuf = new CHAR[dwFileSize];
    //将文件读取到内存
    DWORD ReadSize = 0;
    ReadFile(hFile, pFileBuf, dwFileSize, &ReadSize, NULL);

    //判断是否为PE文件
    PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER pDosHeader = (PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER)pFileBuf;
    if (pDosHeader->e_magic != IMAGE_DOS_SIGNATURE)
    {
        //不是PE
        printf("不是PE文件\n");
        system("pause");
        return 0;
    }

    PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS pNtHeader = (PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS)(pFileBuf + pDosHeader->e_lfanew);
    if (pNtHeader->Signature != IMAGE_NT_SIGNATURE)
    {
        //不是PE文件
        printf("不是PE文件\n");
        system("pause");
        return 0;
    }

    //获取基本PE头信息
    //获取信息所用到的两个结构体指针   （这两个结构体都属于NT头）
    PIMAGE_FILE_HEADER      pFileHeader     = &(pNtHeader->FileHeader);
    PIMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER  pOptionalHeader = &(pNtHeader->OptionalHeader);
    //输出PE头信息
    printf("================== 基 本 P E 头 信 息 ==================\n\n");
    printf("入 口 点:\t%08X\t", pOptionalHeader->AddressOfEntryPoint);
    printf("子 系 统:\t%04X\n", pOptionalHeader->Subsystem);
    printf("镜像基址:\t%08X\t", pOptionalHeader->ImageBase);
    printf("区段数目:\t%04X\n", pFileHeader->NumberOfSections);
    printf("镜像大小:\t%08X\t", pOptionalHeader->SizeOfImage);
    printf("日期时间标志:\t%08X\n", pFileHeader->TimeDateStamp);
    printf("代码基址:\t%08X\t", pOptionalHeader->BaseOfCode);
    printf("部首大小:\t%08X\n", pOptionalHeader->SizeOfHeaders);
    printf("数据基址:\t%08X\t", pOptionalHeader->BaseOfData);
    printf("特 征 值:\t%04X\n", pFileHeader->Characteristics);
    printf("块 对 齐:\t%08X\t", pOptionalHeader->SectionAlignment);
    printf("校 验 和:\t%08X\n", pOptionalHeader->CheckSum);
    printf("文件块对齐:\t%08X\t", pOptionalHeader->FileAlignment);
    printf("可选头部大小:\t%04X\n", pFileHeader->SizeOfOptionalHeader);
    printf("标 志 字:\t%04X\t\t", pOptionalHeader->Magic);
    printf("RVA数及大小:\t%08X\n\n", pOptionalHeader->NumberOfRvaAndSizes);

    printf("======================= 目 录 表 =======================\n");
    //获取目录表头指针
    PIMAGE_DATA_DIRECTORY pDataDirectory = pOptionalHeader->DataDirectory;
    printf("\t\t  RAV\t\t  大小\n");
    for (DWORD i = 0; i < IMAGE_NUMBEROF_DIRECTORY_ENTRIES; i++)
    {
        DirectoryString(i);
        printf("%08X\t%08X\n",
            pDataDirectory[i].VirtualAddress, pDataDirectory[i].Size);
    }

    printf("======================= 区 段 表 =======================\n");
    //获取区段表头指针
    PIMAGE_SECTION_HEADER pSectionHeader = IMAGE_FIRST_SECTION(pNtHeader);
    printf("名称      VOffset   VSize     ROffset   RSize     标志\n");
    //获取区段个数
    DWORD dwSectionNum = pFileHeader->NumberOfSections;
    //根据区段个数遍历区段信息
    for (DWORD i = 0; i < dwSectionNum; i++, pSectionHeader++)
    {
        for (DWORD j = 0; j < IMAGE_SIZEOF_SHORT_NAME; j++)
        {
            printf("%c", pSectionHeader->Name[j]);
        }
        printf("  %08X  %08X  %08X  %08X  %08X\n",
            pSectionHeader->VirtualAddress,
            pSectionHeader->Misc.VirtualSize,
            pSectionHeader->PointerToRawData,
            pSectionHeader->SizeOfRawData,
            pSectionHeader->Characteristics);
    }
    printf("\n");

    system("pause");
    return 0;
}

void DirectoryString(DWORD dwIndex)
{
    switch (dwIndex)
    {
    case 0:printf("输出表:\t\t");
        break;
    case 1:printf("输入表:\t\t");
        break;
    case 2:printf("资源:\t\t");
        break;
    case 3:printf("异常:\t\t");
        break;
    case 4:printf("安全:\t\t");
        break;
    case 5:printf("重定位:\t\t");
        break;
    case 6:printf("调试:\t\t");
        break;
    case 7:printf("版权:\t\t");
        break;
    case 8:printf("全局指针:\t");
        break;
    case 9:printf("TLS表:\t\t");
        break;
    case 10:printf("载入配置:\t");
        break;
    case 11:printf("输入范围:\t");
        break;
    case 12:printf("IAT:\t\t");
        break;
    case 13:printf("延迟输入:\t");
        break;
    case 14:printf("COM:\t\t");
        break;
    case 15:printf("保留:\t\t");
        break;
    }
}

效果图：

另外附上我的代码。?? 获取某指定区段的信息：

    HANDLE hFile = CreateFile(_T("C:\\Windows\\SysNative\\ntoskrnl.exe"), GENERIC_READ, 0, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
    if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
        cout << "CreateFile failed:" << GetLastError() << endl;
        return false;
    }
    DWORD dwFileSize = GetFileSize(hFile, NULL);
    CHAR* pFileBuf = new CHAR[dwFileSize];
    DWORD ReadSize = 0;
    if (!ReadFile(hFile, pFileBuf, dwFileSize, &ReadSize, NULL)) {
        cout << "ReadFile failed:" << GetLastError() << endl;
        return false;
    }
    PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER pDosHeader = (PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER)pFileBuf;
    PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS pNtHeader = (PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS)(pFileBuf + pDosHeader->e_lfanew);
    PIMAGE_FILE_HEADER      pFileHeader = &(pNtHeader->FileHeader);
    PIMAGE_OPTIONAL_HEADER  pOptionalHeader = &(pNtHeader->OptionalHeader);
    PIMAGE_SECTION_HEADER pSectionHeader = IMAGE_FIRST_SECTION(pNtHeader);
    DWORD dwSectionNum = pFileHeader->NumberOfSections;
    int page_vaddr = 0, page_roff = 0;
    for (DWORD i = 0; i < dwSectionNum; i++, pSectionHeader++) {
        string s_name;
        for (DWORD j = 0; j < IMAGE_SIZEOF_SHORT_NAME; j++) {
            if (pSectionHeader->Name[j]) {
                s_name += pSectionHeader->Name[j];
            }
        }
        if (s_name == "PAGE") {
            page_vaddr = pSectionHeader->VirtualAddress;
            page_roff = pSectionHeader->PointerToRawData;
            break;
        }
    }
    if (page_vaddr == 0 || page_roff == 0) { cout << "没有找到 PAGE 区段" << endl; return false; }